Health And Social Of Health - 1357 Words

Daily health and social carer are in touch with legislation, policies and procedures. The aim of the social carer or family supporter is to provide a qualitative service to the individual. This essay will consider the ways in which health and safety requirements have an impact on the customer and the work of practitioners in the health and social care sector. There will be a range of examples regarding the work place to underpin how health and safety legislations are implemented in the health and social care workplace. â€Å"Social Care worker at all levels in social services organisations have a legal duty of care towards each individual who uses services. People who use services can be and are vulnerable to danger, harm and abuse.†¦show more content†¦This includes being aware of the own behaviour in the client’s house, which could be a trigger for an aggressive reaction of the client. Before entering the house it is necessary to get much information as possible about that family. Other sources such as health visitors or school nurse are useful of contact. To build up a professional â€Å"boundary† with the family and providing information about the own role in support is helpful and the family knows what is to expect from the supporter. The supporter must be aware anytime about the own safety and the supporter must re-assess continually the risks, it is not allowed for the supporter to enter any location where the supporter doesn’t feel safe. â€Å"The information regarding home visiting must be recorded clearly, this includes, the address, contact number, time in and time out. The office staff must be informed before entering the house. (Phone call at least 20 min after entering the house).Regarding the safety policies; it is only allowed to do the home visiting as pairs.† According to (Policies/Safeguarding 2012/Home Visiting Policy) Therefore, to evaluate, the way how the service provider is dealing with information for risk assessment in health and social care is determined for a successful result. Furthermore, the impact to follow the policies in health and social care can be massive on theShow MoreRelatedSocial Determinants Of Health And Health873 Words   |  4 Pages Better research on immigrant health and health outcomes would go a long way to shining a light on how to tackle these problems. The current debate in the research concentrates on social determinants of health such as acculturation, which of course influences a lot of other health and healthcare decisions made by immigrants. However, only focusing on social determinants of health undermines the importance of other factors that also heavily affect immigrant health in the United States. SpecificallyRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health1238 Words   |  5 Pagesthat are not in the proper state of health. The purpose of using social determinants is to create the optimal social/physical environment that will contribute and allow individuals to enjoy a healthier lifestyle, and thus become healthier. (Social Determinants of Health - Healthy People, n.d., p. 01) The Five key areas that are addressed in the social determinants of health are: Economic Stability, Education, Soc ial and Community Context, Health and Health Care, and Neighborhood and Built EnvironmentRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health And Health898 Words   |  4 PagesMental health outcomes vary differently by socioeconomic location for women and men. It is important to critically analyze the various social locations that low-income women living with mental health concerns are currently occupying. These women are occupying these social locations because of the structural inequities that they encounter in relation to their experiences with the social determinants of health. Explanatory frameworks are used to illustrate the relationship between the social determinantsRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health1170 Words   |  5 PagesSocial determinants of health are social, economic and physical factors that affect the health of individuals in any given population. There are fourteen social determinants of health but Income is perhaps the most important of these because it s hapes living conditions, influences health related behaviors, and determines food security. In Canada, people with lower incomes are more susceptible to disease/ conditions, higher mortality rate, decreased life expectancy and poorer perceived health thanRead MoreHealth and Social803 Words   |  4 Pagesaccessed which can result with the individual not accessing the complementary therapies due to the barriers such as, geographical and financial. Some of the complementary therapies can be funded by the NHS such as reflexology which would benefit health and social care service users who wish to feel more relaxed after having orthodox treatments which can make them feel at pain. Lung cancer would require the individual to undergo more orthodox treatments to get rid of the cancer. However, it wouldRead MoreHealth And Social Health Promotion5594 Words   |  23 PagesHealth and Social Care Study Unit 5: P. 1, P.2, M.1 2A.P1 Describe Health Promotion including the purpose and aims Of Different Health Promotion Activities What is health promotion? Health promotion is a process that has been applied to a wide range of approaches to improving health of people, communities and populations of enabling people to increase control over, their health. Health promotion makes it possible for people to increase control on their health and start to improve their health byRead MorePublic Health And Social Health1983 Words   |  8 PagesPublic health was defined in 1988 by Sir Donald Acheson who described it as the science of promoting health, preventing disease and prolonging life through the organised efforts of society (Acheson 1988). It is through research and surveillance that an understanding of healthcare needs on a society level are obtained, leading to planning interventions to improve health outcomes (Department of Health, (DH) 2012). However, the Marmot report ‘Fair society healthy lives’ (2010) identified vast inequalitiesRead MoreHealth, Social, And The Social Theory Of The Health Industry2288 Words   |  10 PagesIn this essay, my aims are to explain the definition of health, contrasted with a positive definition such as that provided by the ‘World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1974, with its positive and negative concept of health and the definition of disease and its connection to the social model. It will then be followed by the study of Mildred Blaxter (1990). I will also be explaining the definition of the ‘sick role which was introduced by Talcott Parson, with its positive and negative effects onRead MorePublic Health And Social Health1027 Words   |  5 PagesPublic health may implore images of community medical clinics or awareness movements advocating healthy living, but the field is nowhere close to being restricted. Instead, public health professionals are engaged in eve rything from recognizing diseases to designing public policy to assisting refugees unite in new communities. Public health is a considerable part of our everyday lives because it focuses on promoting, protecting, and reestablishing population health. Public health previously shiftedRead MorePublic Health And Social Health869 Words   |  4 Pages In the 20th century, public health was greatly defined, shaped, and heralded by its’ breakthroughs’ against infectious diseases of the time and other communicable diseases. Stern and global policies supporting mass vaccinations and mass hygienic regulations, both created an environment in which Public Health as a discipline was able to advance and counter the plagues and pandemics of its’ day. Contrastingly, in the 21st century, we are globally being faced with a different kind of animal, chronic

Justice for All Ages Essay example - 4920 Words

Justice for All Ages The question of â€Å"What is Justice?† plagued the ancient philosophers and continues to plague the professional and amateur academic philosophers of today. The question is so hard, because it is quite difficult to know where to begin. Socrates1 spoke of justice in relation to the gods, Plato in relation to an individual’s duty in society, and Achilles, in a somewhat indirect way, in relation to honor and loyalty. All three of these men had very convincing arguments about the true nature of justice, but it is impossible to say now, or most likely ever, whether any of them actually got it right. The current goal is to synthesize their ideas with those of Aristophanes, Euripides2, and even Richard Kraut,†¦show more content†¦Euripides and Aristophanes, I know you, but who is this man? [pointing to Achilles] [Achilles] This man?! I am swift Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, grandson of Aeacus, commander of the Myrmidons and loyal soldier of the Achaeans.6 [Socrates] Ah, the great Achilles. Welcome. Just as when you avenged the death of your comrade Patroclus, knowing that you would in fact be bringing your own death closer, so did I stand up justly to the accusations of wicked Metelus knowing that it would bring me my death.7 [Achilles] You speak of standing up â€Å"justly† for something, yet you have never set foot on a battlefield (I assume from your stature). What can you know of honor and loyalty? [Aristophanes] Achilles, you know not of the gates you have just opened. I fart at your ignorance! [Socrates] You are correct, Achilles, that I have never been in battle. But, answer me this, what have you learned from battle? [Achilles] I am not sure what you mean. [Socrates] Let me clarify. What can one learn from battle that one cannot learn from conversation? And further, what can one learn about justice specifically in battle rather than not? [Achilles] That’s simple. I have learned about brotherhood, and revenge, and death. [Aristophanes] Ho! So has Socrates—he is dead! [Socrates] Agreed, to both.Show MoreRelatedJuvenile Justice System856 Words   |  4 PagesCriminals can be all different ages; one particular category of criminals is the juveniles. A juvenile is someone who is at or below the upper age of the original jurisdiction in their resident state (Juvenile Justice, 2013). Juveniles due to age are not treated at the same level as adults; due to this we have Juvenile Justice. Juvenile justice was said to be considered all the way back to the early years from the English brought over to American culture from England (Juvenile Justice, 2013). SinceRead MoreWhy Are Schools Brain Washing Our Children?867 Words   |  4 Pagestaking social justice positions learned in school, it is hard for society to decide whether social justice should be apart of the curriculum. Cynthia Reynolds, author of Maclean’s article Why are schools brain washing our children, explores the topic of social justice in our education system. The introduction to the article is set up with examples of extreme examples of social justice in education, calling them the â€Å"by products of [†¦] an elementary school education rooted in social-justice principles†Read MoreThe Age Of Criminal Responsibility1682 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this report is to understand the age of criminal responsibility in both England and Singapore. The report will include a comparative study on both countries, whilst evaluating the impact each criminal system has on the child. The main focus will be upon the key policies and legal frameworks emplace to support the imprisonment and punishment of children and young people. The definition for the age of criminal responsibility is disputed worldwide, however according to theRead MorePoverty Inequality By Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird 1644 Words   |  7 Pages Inequality in Justice Equality means for all to be equal. However, this â€Å"equality† that is spoken of hardly exists in our society today and most definitely not in the past. Living in today’s society, many classifications are given to us. Things like gender, race, social status, wealth, background, age, and many other factors have come to define a single person in our world. Sadly, our world is full of prejudice that uses these classifications to it’s advantage. In the justice system, althoughRead MoreThe Role Of Justices In The United States Supreme Court710 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States Supreme Court currently seats nine justices that vary in age, gender, and have many similarities and differences between them. Compared to other governmental figures the nine justices are not well known. Every time a new justice is added they are placed together wearing large black robe for photographs. The justices are responsible for reviewing petitions that are sent to them. These p etitions can range from illegal locker searches to cases in which two lower courts have reachedRead MoreJustice and Fairness are not Always the Same635 Words   |  3 Pagesothers will get a larger slice. Its not always fair. Justice is not always fairness. Many times the justice one is given, is not fair to them or the victim. Justice and fairness are very different for each other. Justice is different for each person. Justice must be earned. to teach good justice, one must start learning at a young age. Justice is different for each person. There is no clear. â€Å"universal† justice for everyone and every case. â€Å" But when Piedmont HighRead MoreJuveniles And The Criminal Justice System1594 Words   |  7 Pages Juveniles and the Criminal Justice System There is much debate over whether or not juveniles should ever be tried as adults. Juveniles are defined as children under the age of 18. In the past, juveniles have been tried in a separate juvenile court because of their age. However, trying juveniles as adults for violent crimes is a trend that is on the rise. Age is supposed to be a deterrent for placing those under 18 on trial and giving them stiffer punishments that are often reserved for adults. ManyRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Should Severity Of Punishment For Young Offenders Be The Same As Adults?1200 Words   |  5 Pagespolicies and economic system. Along with the inclusive developments, â€Å"the law affects nearly every aspect of our lives every day† (â€Å"Canada’s System of Justice†, 2015, p. 1), including laws for crimes, rules of conduct, and solutions of conflicts. As one of the developed countries among the world, Canada’s national government has developed a complete justice system w ith a series of laws, sentences, punishments, and programs. This system is aiming to avoid the occurrence of crimes, protect citizens’ safetyRead MoreJuveniles and The Death Penalty Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesUnited states in 1996, Justice Fortas stated some of these special rights which include; Protection from publicity, confinement only to twenty-one years of age, no confinement with adults, and protection against the consequences of adult conviction such as the loss of civil rights, the use of adjudication against him in subsequent proceedings and disqualification of public employment (Kent vs. US 1966:1055). These special rights and immunities exist so that the justice courts can provide measuresRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Juvenile Justice System1395 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Justice System Introduction Since the human community has scratched its marks of existence on the face of the world, there remained a need for laws and regulations to maintain peace and order in the society. As humans progressed, these laws obtained a sophisticated visage and began to get documented as an official set of rules that applies to all the people. These regulations primarily devised a code of conduct that elucidated the desirable and undesirable actions and practices within the

Same Sex MarriagesCall

Same Sex MarriagesCall-To-Act Speech Essay Imagine you have fallen in love with the person of your dreams, and the two of you have discussed it and have decided to get married. Now imagine that the person you wish to marry is of a different race. It wouldnt be a big deal, right? Well, if this situation had occurred about 50 years ago, it would have been a huge deal. Just a generation ago, many states banned mixed marriages. Seems absurd, doesnt it? Discriminating against an individual like that because of the color of their skin? This is a situation in America that I am sure all of you are familiar with, and most all of us I am sure agree that just because a person has different colored skin does not make them any different on the inside. We dont discriminate against minorities because of their color of their skin, so why is it that we now discriminate against gays and lesbians because of what is in their hearts? It is the same type of discrimination, and it needs to be stopped. How do we go about doing that, you ask? Dont worry, I am not going to be unrealistic and ask you to become a gay-rights activist and make supporters of all of your friends and family. I am just going to ask you to do your small part to help give homosexuals the ability to marry. It is unfair to deny them this right, and together we need to act in order to give them this right, this equality, that they deserve. As I have told you all in my last two speeches, there are legal rights and benefits that come with marriage that homosexuals are being denied. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, many of the benefits of marriage that homosexuals are denied include: government benefits like Social Security and Medicare; hospital visitation rights; special rates and exemptions on tax returns; joint child custody; joint insurance policies; automatic inheritance in the absence of a will; making medical decisions on a partners behalf; and choosing a final resting place for a deceased partner. While none of these are reasons to get married, they are all benefits and perks that homosexuals should not be denied simply because of their choice of a partner. They are rights that homosexuals are entitled to and deserve, and are rights that they would be able to benefit from if same-sex marriages were legalized. When you put yourself in their shoes, as I have had you do in my past speeches, it is clear to see that they deserve these rights as much as heterosexual couples do, and that their choice of partner should not affect these basic rights. I am sure you are all still asking yourselves just how YOU can make a difference. Well, you could become active in a gay-rights group, you could organize a rally in Red Square, you could even collect signatures and attempt to gain enough support to put the issue on the ballot for the next elections. But lets be realistic here. We are all students, and are busy with the stress of finals and even graduation for some. The minute that school ends, all we are going to be thinking about is laying out in the sun, taking advantage of three months (or even the rest of your lives) without homework. So who has the time or energy to do any of the things I just suggested? That is why I am just going to ask you to become a supporter by signing a document called the Marriage Resolution. This is a resolution formed and monitored by a group called The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund. The marriage resolution, according to the Partners Task Force for Gay and Lesbian Couples, reads as follows: Because marriage is a basic human right and an individual personal choice, RESOLVED, the State should not interfere with same-gender couples who choose to marry and share fully and equally in the rights, responsibilities, and commitment of civil marriage. According to Evan Wolfson, the Director of the Marriage Project of the La mbda Legal Defense and Education Fund, the resolution is aimed to: help promote the .

The Strengh and Weakness Barack Obama free essay sample

He is a very smart man who knows what hes doing for someone whos very limited in experience (well get back to that). He takes his time hen making a decision and knows how to make one without having to question himself about it. 3. The way he wants to change certain things in America. He knows what Americans want help with and is willing to help them. He is very focused on cleaning up America and Americas image and is ready to begin doing that now. 4.He is a very strong man and I believe would be an even better leader as the president. He knows what needs to be done and how it needs to be done and Is preparing to do it if he Is elected president of the United States. His weakness are : 1 . His lack of experience. Most people would say that McCain has way more experience than Obama. We will write a custom essay sample on The Strengh and Weakness Barack Obama or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Which is true. But at the same time Barack Obama knows Just as much about America as John McCain does and makes better decisions at mostly everything! His race. We all know that there has never been a black president. And so does Barack Obama. Alt will be hard for him to become the first black president since others have tried before him and failed. Halls race also makes him a Likelier candidate for being assassinated. 3. Halls middle name. Barack Hussein Obama.

Self Evaluation and Management

Types Of Budgeting Example

Types Of Budgeting Example Types Of Budgeting – Coursework Example Types of Budgeting Types of Budgeting One significant difference between rational and incremental budgeting models is the comparative level of difficulty. The rational budgeting model is a lengthier, more costly procedure although it offers businesses more alternatives in terms of working in manifold areas with little financial resources (Cropf, 2008). On the other hand, the incremental budgeting model is suitable for little change since the most recent budget and there are extra financial resources to spend. New business objectives, episodes of financial difficulty, and creative approaches are hard to put up using the incremental budgeting model. One advantage of the rational budgeting model is savings, whereby every agency and task financed can account for every dollar spent easily (Cropf, 2008). A disadvantage of rational budgeting is possible, lengthy bureaucratic procedures that can be overwhelming. Rational budgeting models are used often by public agencies and involve complex protocols where even the agencies themselves are not certain they will be financed at all. An advantage of the incremental budgeting model is stability. Incremental budgeting is a stable procedure where the project’s individual share of the entire budget will not increase or decrease drastically (Cropf, 2008). A disadvantage of incremental budgeting is unnecessary funding. Since this model serves to stabilize sections or elements of a project, incremental budgeting processes end up financing these elements simply because they were underfunded in the past. As a result, efficiency is not a factor. An improvement I would make to the rational budgeting model is to reduce political processes and increase the involvement of special groups that decide the parts of a project worth financing (Cropf, 2008). For the incremental budgeting model, I would allow agencies or sections of a project to account for their previous uses of budget in order to determine the current or future allocat ions.ReferencesCropf, R. (2008). American public administration: public service for the 21st century (1st Ed). New York, NY: Pearson Longman.

Explain the Rise and Fall of Keynesianism Essay

Explain the Rise and Fall of Keynesianism - Essay Example According to the essay "Rise and fall of Keynesianism" findings, Keynesianism suggests that often private sector decisions cause inverse macroeconomic outcomes and hence it is suggestible for the public sector to deliver active policy responses which mainly include central bank’s monetary policy actions and government’s fiscal policy actions. Keynes argues that these activities would assist the economic sector to stabilize output over the business cycle. Although Keynesian theory can be stated thus in simple terms, it comprises larger ideas. To illustrate, Keynesianism has a close similarity with the concept of ‘General Glut’ proposed by classical economists. However, it is identified that classical economists had the disagreement regarding the conditions of the general glut as some of them believed in Say’s law â€Å"supply creates its own demand† (Best, n.d.). In contrast, Keynes argues that insufficiency in aggregate demand for goods can be featured as the direct cause of general glut which would lead to economic decline and subsequent unemployment difficulties. In this situation, Keynesianism recommends (as cited in Blinder) that thoughtful governmental policies can easily overcome such crises if these policies are effectively employed to increase the aggregate demand. This, in turn, would mitigate the adverse impacts of unemployment and deflation. Similarly, Keynesian economics brings some theoretical basis for a crucial distinction between involuntary unemployment and voluntary unemployment. ... This in turn would mitigate the adverse impacts of unemployment and deflation. Similarly, Keynesian economics brings some theoretical basis for a crucial distinction between involuntary unemployment and voluntary unemployment. From the Keynesian point of view (as cited in Knoop, 2010, p.40), the individuals who seek jobs at the existing wage rates can be grouped into involuntary unemployed. Corry (n.d.) reflects that Keynes’ innovative concepts produced some revolutionary changes in the economic sector since the traditional economists believed that unemployment was resulted from certain labour market rigidities such as ‘excessive wage claim, trade union activities, and unemployment pay’ (ibid). According to Keynesianism, the increasing unemployment rate can be directly attributed to the failure in total spending caused by the inefficient business decisions of private firms. Therefore, it is obvious that government has to play a crucial role in formulating efficien t growth policies which would facilitate sustainable economic growth of the country. In short, Keynesian economics constitutes a demand based economy (Reference for Business). Limitations The Keynesian economics gave greater emphasis on employees’ wage rates without considering the profitability of the firm. Although, it had aided the nation to ensure employee welfare, the constancy of this system was always subject to change. For instance, sometimes, international competition adversely affected the capital requirements and public expenditure of the nation. In such difficult situations, the government failed to meet adequate funds for wage distribution. As

American Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

American Government - Research Paper Example The freedom of expression and speech was highly compromised. The Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918 respectively put Civil War newspapers in between hard rock and a hard place. The reporters of that time could not exercise their duties and freedoms without fear of persecution or threats. The United States Government put the Espionage Act with the aim of dissolving the overwrought climate that arose from the World War I. Woodrow Wilson and his team made the decision to institute a regulation that would counter the Americans if and when they attempted to cause harm to the nation. The law was also out to protect the country against propaganda warfare in the United States. The act contained a clause that made retrieval of information with the intent to harm to the United States a criminal offense. The act went further to make acts involving search of information with the aim of harming the navy or the military personnel an offense. Of course, the requirements stated in the Espionage act were reasonable, and they all contributed towards the safety and stabilization of the United States. However, the Sedition Act, a refinement of the Espionage act, took things to an entirely different level. The 1918 amendment made it illegal to engage in actions that would amount to insulting the military, the navy, and the national flag. The government went overboard in developing both the Espionage and the Sedition act (Hall and Patrick 78). The Sedition act robbed the American citizens and workers within the nation their inalienable constitutional rights, namely the free press and free press parts. The Sedition act defined writing, saying, printing, or even publishing any material that was profane, disloyal, or abusive in any nature towards the government, the military, or the constitution as illegal. In addition to that, the media and journalists would get themselves into hot trying pans if they dared mention anything that seemed as though was

Big Fish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Big Fish - Essay Example At his father’s deathbed, William Bloom tries to understand who his father is through memories. He therefore tries to understand his father’s exaggerations and the impact in reality. The novel involve first person narration; and the chapters involving â€Å"my father’s death† shows William planning his final discussion with his father, Edward Bloom, with a view of eventually understanding him. In the novel, William Bloom using first person narration literary style and this has made the story telling capability very effective. In chapter one of the novel, William Bloom uses first person narration to explain the circumstances in which his father was born; his father was born during one of the worst summers, drought and famine was experienced in the land there was scarcity of food. The story is also mostly told in past tense, despite the first person narration style. He also says that the birth of his father was a blessing, because on that birth day clouds formed and it rained. William Bloom also uses first person narration in the first chapter of the book to demonstrate the cordial relationship his father had with animals. He explains that cows and horses liked his father, and they followed him around; and chicken once laid a mysterious small brown egg on his lap. William Bloom also uses a lot of symbolism as indicated in chapter one of Big Fish. For example he equates his father to a big fish in order to illustrate or symbolize his abundant knowledge. Edward Bloom read widely on Philosophy, Arts and History and other literary areas; and hence, his knowledge was more than the librarian or any other person (Wallace 137). The big fish representation of the father also illustrates his extra-ordinary ability of communicating with animals; for example birds rested on his shoulders as he worked with his father in the field. William Bloom says that his father is a

Sodium Sulfite Food Additive

Sodium Sulfite Food Additive Sodium Sulfite a Food Additive Food additives are chemicals added to food during their preparations to obtain an effect. This effect can range from addition of coloration, flavor to the food, or it can cause food to have a prolonged shelf life, as in the case of preservatives. Usually food additives can be divided into 2 types, direct additives and indirect food additives. Direct food additives are those that are added to the food intentionally to food e.g. flavoring agents, artificial colors etc. An exact quantity of the additive is measured and added to the product and exposure to the public of the additive can be measured. Indirect food additives are those additives that are not intentionally added to food, but do become components of it as is the case of packaging materials, plastics wraps paper packs, laminates etc. The estimation of the exact quantity of compounds which have indirectly been released into the foods and are now exposed to humans for consumption can not be straightforwardly calculated. (Estimating exposure to direct food additives) One such material which is added to foods as an additive is sodium sulfite. It is manufactured on an industrial scale by passing sulfur dioxide through caustic soda, which causes in the end sodium sulfite crystals to form. This is slightly unstable compound and releases sulfur dioxide gas slowly into the atmosphere. This ability provides it with the properties of an Antimicrobial Agent, Antioxidant and a Preservative. Different preparations are made of this product, food grade sodium sulfite and the non food grade preparation which is used in the paper industry as a bleaching agent and the photo industry for developing solution preparations. (Sodium sulfite grades) Before any food can be allowed to be used as an additive it has to be proven as safe by the Food and Drug Agency (FDA) for its use. Concerning Sodium Sulfite, the FDA states that it can be used as a preservative as it is generally considered as safe for the desired purpose, but it should be prepared with good manufacturing practices and used only as is required in quantity and no more. It has no quantitative limitation put on it by the FDA, if it is used as a preservative. If the purpose use is as a boiler additive, then the FDA prevents its use on meats fruits and vegetables, which have to be presented as raw or fresh any food considered to be a vitamin B1 source. (Food Additive Status List) Food additives are taken for granted in many ways. The reason fruits are available all year round, the reason baked goods stay fresh for so long, and we owe it all to additives and preservatives. If we were to stop using all preservatives, most of the snacks we consume would cease to exist and availability of food products would become limited to certain areas and for only a small amount of period in a year only. Additives are for five main reasons. To maintain consistency as is done with artificial foods. To prevent spoilage. Use of preservatives prevents food from ruining early. Fungi, bread mould are prevented from growing as preservatives create an inhospitable environment for them. Antioxidants additives keep fruits fresh and prevent bad taste from developing in baked goods. To maintain or to fortify the nutritional value. This is usually done with breads cereals which are usually fortified with iron, or with milk which is fortified with calcium and vitamins. To enhance the flavor and color. This is done with chips snacks or flavored drinks. To control the pH of the food. This is necessary as in preparation of baked foods like biscuits or cakes. (Food additives) Foods additives are very much integrated into our lives without us even know knowing about it. They help in the proper preparation of food, its availability, and ability to stay fresh for long. They act as anti microbial agents, anti oxidants flavoring agents, bleaching agents, preservatives, fortifying agents and stabilizing agents. Although their availability has provided us with immense opportunities but it all comes at a price as well. Most of the additives are chemicals. The FDA approves additives by labeling them either safe for general consumption, or substances allowed limited use and substances which require further approval from FDA before use. (Food Additive Status List). This is done as certain additives are hazardous to health in large quantities. Sulfites are shown to be mutagenic towards bacteria although no proof of these effects has been reported in humans the risk still persists. It is reported to increase the incidence of acute asthma and in some people cause gastr o intestinal symptoms if present in food products greater than trace amounts. Other additives have the ability to cause chronic ill effects to excessive consumption of the food for a long period of time. Amongst its many uses, sodium bisulfite is primarily used in almost all wine making industry to prevent oxidation of grape juice to vinegar. Secondarily, it is used as an anti microbial agent and as a food color preservative in the canned food industry by preventing oxidation and browning. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses 2 statutes to regulate the licensing and usage of pesticides and fungicides etc. These are the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) or the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FFDCA). The FFDCA sets the rules and regulations concerning tolerance limits of pesticides, byproducts of fungicides and of food additives. The EPA, when registering a pesticide, approves these products after a risk versus benefit analysis. However, there is clause in the FFDCA which bans use of food additives which has even a small risk ill effect in humans; therefore it sets a zero risk benchmark for the industry to meet. This is called the Delaneys clause. This is problematic for the EPA since it creates 2 different standards for the industry to meet. The FIFRA analyses the risk versus benefit aspect whereas the FFDCA which has the Delaneys clause has a zero risk standard. So some a food additives or pesticides meet t he FIFRA standard do not meet the FFDCA standard. This has created obstructions in the smooth functioning of the EPA as far as approval and re registration of pesticides and food additives is concerned. Finally the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) a Non Governmental organization has looked into this matter and made the following recommendations. It states that there should be one universal standard for all approvals, processed or raw food, old or new pesticide. It also states that rather than having a zero risk policy, the EPA should adopt a negligible risk policy which should be acceptable both, the FIFRA as well as the FFDCA. (Delaneys paradox) References/ Bibliography DiNovi, Michael J. and Kuznesof, Paul M. â€Å"Estimating Exposure to direct food additives and chemical contaminants in the diet.† U.S. Food Drug Administration Center for Food Safety Applied Nutrition Office of Pre market Approval (Aug 2006) http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html â€Å"Food Additives† FDA/IFIC Brochure. Jan.1992. U. S. Food and Drug Administration http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/foodaddi.txt â€Å"Food Additive Status List† CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety. 2006. U.S, Food and Drug Administration. 21 Dec 2006 http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/opa-appa.html â€Å"Sodium sulfite grades.† Sodium and Potassium sulfites. 2006. BASF The chemical company. 19 Dec 2006. http://www.inorganics.basf.com/ â€Å"The Delaney Paradox and Negligible Risk Fact Sheet.† Pesticide Management Education Program. Jan.1991. Cornell University Cooperative Extension http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/issues/delaney-negrisk.html

Mascuilinity through New Zealand Literature Essay -- essays research p

In search of: Representations of Masculinity As explored in K. Road, Once Were Warriors, The Making of a New Zealander, and Working Up North. Research Questions: 1: How important is masculinity to the society portrayed in each text? 2: How do the main male characters show or express this masculinity or manliness? 3: Is the perception of the classic New Zealand male changing? RESOURCES: Title: ‘K. Road’ Author: Ted Dawe Date: 2/5/2006 1: Because this novel was set in the late 1990’s K Road, masculinity is important in showing what most males were like then. Showing toughness, joining gangs, playing rugby and drinking excessive amounts of beer were all attributes that a kiwi bloke must have to help them appear masculine and manly. 2: Characters such as Flash and Rabbit show their masculinity through rugby and surfing and camping on the beach (outdoors). Characters such as Sonny and the Te Pania boys show their masculinity through their muscles, tattoos and gang fights. 3: Because this is set in K Road as opposed to South Island farmland for instance, it shows a slight change in the perception of masculinity or the classic ‘Kiwi Bloke.’ Men no longer are required to play rugby and drink beer to be considered manly. Title: ‘Once Were Warriors’ Author: Alan Duff Date: 8/5/2006 1: Jake Heke, the main character, is easily provoked and extremely aggressive. He also liked to show off his masculinity to his mates. He would often be drunk and abuse his wife physically. This type of thing was extremely common in area similar to were ‘Once Were Warriors’ was set.... ...staunchness’ as the main factor determining masculinity. I believe that the perceptions of the stereotypical ‘Kiwi bloke’ are false and that the pride and respect within this sense of manliness has gone. Also I have found that this perception seems to be changing from the rural based, rugby obsessed men to more modern city based men with good taste and nice clothes. However the media are still presenting Kiwi men as being rough, rugby playing big-men that like to have a beer with their mates. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Â ·Dawe, Ted (2005) ‘K Road’ Longacre Press, Dunedin. Â ·Marshall, Owen (1995) ‘Working Up North’ in ‘Coming Home in the Dark’ Random House New Zealand ltd, Auckland. Â ·Sargeson, Frank (1982) ‘The Making of a New Zealander’ in ‘The Stories of Frank Sargeson. Penguin Books ltd, Auckland. Â ·Duff, Alan (1990) ‘Once Were Warriors’ Tandem Press, Auckland. Mascuilinity through New Zealand Literature Essay -- essays research p In search of: Representations of Masculinity As explored in K. Road, Once Were Warriors, The Making of a New Zealander, and Working Up North. Research Questions: 1: How important is masculinity to the society portrayed in each text? 2: How do the main male characters show or express this masculinity or manliness? 3: Is the perception of the classic New Zealand male changing? RESOURCES: Title: ‘K. Road’ Author: Ted Dawe Date: 2/5/2006 1: Because this novel was set in the late 1990’s K Road, masculinity is important in showing what most males were like then. Showing toughness, joining gangs, playing rugby and drinking excessive amounts of beer were all attributes that a kiwi bloke must have to help them appear masculine and manly. 2: Characters such as Flash and Rabbit show their masculinity through rugby and surfing and camping on the beach (outdoors). Characters such as Sonny and the Te Pania boys show their masculinity through their muscles, tattoos and gang fights. 3: Because this is set in K Road as opposed to South Island farmland for instance, it shows a slight change in the perception of masculinity or the classic ‘Kiwi Bloke.’ Men no longer are required to play rugby and drink beer to be considered manly. Title: ‘Once Were Warriors’ Author: Alan Duff Date: 8/5/2006 1: Jake Heke, the main character, is easily provoked and extremely aggressive. He also liked to show off his masculinity to his mates. He would often be drunk and abuse his wife physically. This type of thing was extremely common in area similar to were ‘Once Were Warriors’ was set.... ...staunchness’ as the main factor determining masculinity. I believe that the perceptions of the stereotypical ‘Kiwi bloke’ are false and that the pride and respect within this sense of manliness has gone. Also I have found that this perception seems to be changing from the rural based, rugby obsessed men to more modern city based men with good taste and nice clothes. However the media are still presenting Kiwi men as being rough, rugby playing big-men that like to have a beer with their mates. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Â ·Dawe, Ted (2005) ‘K Road’ Longacre Press, Dunedin. Â ·Marshall, Owen (1995) ‘Working Up North’ in ‘Coming Home in the Dark’ Random House New Zealand ltd, Auckland. Â ·Sargeson, Frank (1982) ‘The Making of a New Zealander’ in ‘The Stories of Frank Sargeson. Penguin Books ltd, Auckland. Â ·Duff, Alan (1990) ‘Once Were Warriors’ Tandem Press, Auckland.

Miscarriages of Justice

â€Å"It’s a general problem not specific to the law of the United Kingdom a criminal justice system characterized by an emphasis on crime control rather than due process will inevitably produce miscarriage of justice. † In an imaginary world the law would always give the correct results but in a real world it’s the other way. When they don’t which way do they tend to err? Which way do we want to err? We want the law to err on the side of acquitting guilty people rather than convicting ones.It is generally accepted that the price of a fair Criminal Justice System will be acquittal on a technicality of those who have committed criminal offences or because of a failure of evidence, where as conviction of the innocent is never acceptable and should it arise speedy measures should be taken to rectify the injustice. The criminal law must be enforced efficiently by the agencies to police the criminal law.There are two main values that influence the criminal Just ice System, the crime control model which focuses to free society from crime and the due process model which focuses on individual liberties to be protected. The crime control model ensures that a civilized society can protect all of its citizens from victimization by criminals. But whether this has happened is questionable because when the Criminal Justice System is tilted more towards crime control there is a chance of an innocent person being convicted of a crime he never committed thus forming a miscarriage of justice.In recent times countries like United Kingdom, America, Canada and Ireland have tilted more towards crime control mainly because of the terrorist attacks that shook those nations. Moreover the racial attitude in the police and also in the society has led the crime control to be harsh on the society. The miscarriages that happen maybe due to discriminatory police practices, it may be due to incompetent scientific evidence or the over-reliance of the court on expert testimony. Where mistakes, made by those who have power within the process so this power when abused can have critical consequences.The protection of innocent remains fundamental to the process of justice and for many the sole purpose, it should not be absolute according to Ashworth (1998). The acquittal of guilty persons can also be seen as a miscarriage of justice. The process of justice is one marked by the use of agency and individual discretion, most notably by the police. Both the due process and crime control models allow for that discretion, although the former does seek legislative means for reducing its use and influence.The crime control model relies on presumption of guilt, the recognition that victims should have more rights than the accused, belief that prison and other punishment must be unpleasant in order to work, belief that sentences must be long to protect the public and belief that keeping order on the street is more important than following the letter of the la w. The crime control model is about focusing the purpose of the Criminal Justice Process on the demands of the majority of citizens who are law abiding.It seems clear that the current Criminal Justice Process was designed for the much lower level of crime that existed in the past and is too bureaucratic, time consuming and inefficient to deal effectively with the sheer volume of crime that now exists. This system demands a high level of informal fact finding, the case is dealt with outside of the formal court setting as much as possible. The model rightly assumes that offenders â€Å"rights are less important than victim rights and justice is for the majority of law abiding citizens not for the minority of repeat offenders.This model of justice accepts that there will be a few aberrant cases where the innocent are convicted, but this is justified by the notion that crime control overwhelmingly achieves the greater good for the majority. At the international level miscarriage of jus tice is the subject of norms but its meaning is imprecise. Lord Phillip and Brown presume ‘the man on the street would define ‘miscarriage of justice’ as the conviction of the innocent. It was stated in the Court of Appeal case of Exp.Bateman(1994) that man might define the term more broadly, to include those convicted when they should not have been. In countries the policing the law we see that more power has been vested in the police which is one reason for the crime control model to cause miscarriages of justice. Specially in America after the 9/11 terrorist attack the government has taken measures to prevent crimes as much as possible. The 9/11 attack not only influenced the government but influence the society to look at people an a suspicious way.For example after the 9/11 attack a muslim person, with his beard and his dress code, walks in the street with a bag on his hand or back, people look at him as if he is a terrorist with a bomb. This view of society should change for it is society that subjects the police and the government to undue pressure. In 2005 the terrorist attack in London (7/7) killed 56 people and 700 were injured. This was the largest and deadliest terrorist attack in London in history. It is clear that law enforcement agencies powers have increases with the statutes that have been implemented.The Terrorist Act 200 created a power to carry out blanket stop and searches. The Anti- Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001 introduced new powers for the Treasury to freeze terrorist funds and control orders on terrorist suspects can be imposed under the Terrorism Act 2005. The Terrorist Act 2006 gives police the power to detain terrorist suspects up to 28 days. Not only the acts gave the police powers but it always helped them misuse it. The Police Reform Act 202 supplements existing police powers which follow the established trend towards broadening powers of law enforcement agencies and diluting the safeguards for the susp ect.The ‘war on terror’ is now a common feature of crime prevention and detection in United Kingdom. Police appear to tour the streets in far greater numbers than they did prior to 9/11 and 7/7 attacks. More over there is an issue as to an ethnic minority in the law enforcement agencies. Local communities, where those being policed have felt for some years that powers possessed by the police have become too intrusive and are being used in a discriminatory way to target particular groups within the community.Research has shown that that Black and Asian people are more likely to be stopped under the provisions of the Terrorism Act 2000 than white people. When police powers are increased for the protection of citizens from terrorist attack they need to be employed even more carefully to ensure that citizens do not become as vulnerable to the police as they do to the terrorist attack. However increased powers of policing maybe necessary to contain the threat of terror and t o ensure national security is maintained.Recent cases have showed that where police and other agencies have made a mistake or has been misused their powers there has been a miscarriage of justice. In Dabilola Taylor’s case it was observed how lack of techniques and skills on the part of the investigating officers resulted in bringing to justice who killed Dabilola. In Stephen Lawrence case it was proved that there was racism in the police force. In Confait it was revealed that the conviction based on confession had been made subject to oppression. JeanCharles de Menezes was shot by the Metropolitan Police armed forces who believed he was a terrorist but later found out he was not. Moreover the changes that have been taken place within the statutes also may cause a miscarriage of justice. In Sam Hallam’s case the witness’s evidence was not inconsistent with the earlier evidence. The long standing rule at common law was that where a witness’s testimony in c ourt was inconsistent with a previous statement, it could not be treated as evidence as to the truth of its contents. Juries could not take account of the contents of such statements in reaching their verdict.This rule was changed by section 119 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 which now allows previous inconsistent statements to be admitted in evidence. Reforms and recommendations have been implemented to reduce the rate of crime and not let an innocent person be guilty of a crime he never committed. The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 came into force The CCRC is charged with reviewing convictions and sentences referring them to the appropriate court if it finds a â€Å"real possibility† that the court will judge a conviction unsafe or a sentence excessive.The CCRC covers England Wales and Northern Ireland and receive almost 1000 new applications each year. One could say that the implementation of the CCRC has been a big impact because it gives the proper resu lt. The CCRC first review was that of Derek Bentley where the Court of Appeal quashed the conviction unsafe, which was a victory for the commission but not for Derek Bentley, who was hung way back in 1953. The commissions do produce good result but the fact is that it takes a long time to deliver the goods.Many reforms have been implemented in recent years have eliminated or significantly reduced the number of wrongful convictions arising as a result of or permitted because of lax procedures, notably Police and Criminal Evidence Act and the rules on the disclosure of evidence by the Crown. According to Roskill report crime control strategies tend to stress towards The English System has been charactarised in some ways by the move from crime control to due process over the last 15-20 years. It is notable that the society wants to be free of crime and also they need their liberties to be protected but it is hard thing to achieve.All of human activity, the criminal justice included is imperfect and sadly justice will not always prevail. Some of the causes are beyond the criminal justice agencies or even the content of procedural rules and substantive law. As the cases show the crime control model does causes more miscarriage of justices. Therefore it is rightly to conclude that a criminal justice system characterized by an emphasis on crime control rather than due process will inevitably produce miscarriages of justice.

Good MBA Recommendation Letters Advice

Good MBA Recommendation Letters Advice MBA program applicants often have a difficult times procuring recommendation letters that work. If you are wondering what qualifies as a good recommendation letter, who better to ask than an actual admissions representative? I asked representatives from top schools what they like to see in a recommendation letter. This is what they had to say. Good Recommendation Letters Show Strengths and Weaknesses The best letters of recommendation highlight with examples both the strengths and weakness of the candidate in light of a peer group. Typically, admissions offices limit essay length, but we all encourage recommenders to take the space they need to help build your case. - Rosemaria Martinelli Associate Dean of Student Recruitment Admissions at Chicago Graduate School of Business Good Recommendation Letters Are Detailed When choosing someone to write a letter of recommendation, dont get wrapped up in title, you want someone who can really answer the questions. If they cant answer the questions, they arent really helping you. You want some one who knows what you have done and what your potential is. - Wendy Huber, the Associate Director of Admissions at the Darden School of Business Good Recommendation Letters Are Insightful Letters of recommendation are one of the few components of an application that are submitted by an objective third party. They provide important insight into an applicants professional abilities and characteristics. We ask for two letters of recommendation, ideally from professionals as opposed to professors, and one is required from a current, direct supervisor. Its important to find people who can provide true insight into your professional accomplishments and potential to be a future leader. - Isser Gallogly, Executive Director of MBA Admissions at NYU Stern Good Recommendation Letters Are Personal The two letters of recommendation that you submit should be professional in nature. Your recommenders may be anyone (current/former supervisor, former professors, etc.) who is able to comment on your personal qualities, career potential, and potential to succeed in the classroom. Recommenders should know you personally and be familiar with your work history, credentials, and career aspirations. - Christina Mabley, Director of Admissions at McCombs School of Business Good Recommendation Letters Have Examples A good letter of recommendation is written by someone who knows the candidate and his/her work well, and can write substantively about contributions, leadership examples, and differences of opinion and disappointment. A good letter of recommendation highlights these characteristics through recent examples and is persuasive about a candidate’s ability to be a positive contributor, both inside and outside the classroom. - Julie Barefoot, Associate Dean of MBA Admissions at Goizueta Business School Good Recommendation Letters Include Work Experience The George Washington University School of Business views recommendation letters as an essential component of the evaluation process. Recommendation letters from clients or individuals who have worked closely with the applicant and can speak specifically to the professional performance of an MBA candidate are most useful. While recommendations from high profile figures can be seductive, in the end if the recommendation cannot demonstrate that that the recommender has had any personal experience of the applicant’s work, it will do little to bolster the candidate’s prospects for admission. A good recommendation letter clearly speaks to the candidate’s professional strengths and challenges and provides concrete examples whenever possible. Overall, we look to a recommender to provide insight as to how a candidate can both benefit from and contribute to an MBA program. - Judith Stockmon, Executive Director of MBA and Graduate Admissions at The George Washington Univer sity School of Business

Research Paper on Insurance

Research Paper on Insurance The conception of insurance is the spreading of risks for a few individuals, among many. This is done when individuals and businesses pay a premium to an insurance company to cover them in case of a catastrophic occurrence. In other words, we all pay premiums in case something happens to one of us. Believe it or not, this simple concept is what drives the existence of all insurance companies. As much as we all complain about insurance, we all have it. If something happens, we can’t afford to be without it. The attached article from â€Å"Business Insurance† magazine, an insurance industry publication outlines some ideas that make me think our insurance rates are going to go a lot higher before they come down at all. In order for me to make my case, I think it’s necessary to review a basic concept of insurance that is referred to in this article. The very concept that Im referring to is called an underwriting profit. The insurance industry would have us believe that underwriting and rating insurance policies is a complicated procedure. However, when you break it down to its simplest form, insurance is just like any other business. Profits are what’s left when you subtract expenses (dollars out) from revenues (dollars in). In insurance terms, this means a combined expense ratio far enough below 100 % to allow for an acceptable profit. In other words, how much is it going to cost to underwrite, issue, and service a policy and how much does the insurance company expect to pay in claims? If there is money left, that’s an underwriting profit. If the expenses and losses are higher than the premium collected, that’s an underwriting loss. If the insurance industry accepts the concept laid out in the article by the chairman of Lloyd’s of London, Peter Levene, my opinion is not only are insurance rates going to rise but all kinds of coverage is going to be harder to get. If the insurance companies can no longer count on high incomes from their investments, their profits have to come from another source. Us, the customers. While this may not seem entirely fair, I’m sure very few people complained when rates were low. The disturbing point Lord Levene eludes to is that he advocates pursuing an underwriting profit even when investment returns are high. This is disturbing because in the past as the investment markets changed and higher returns were being earned. The insurance customer shared in these returns in the form of lower premiums and easier underwriting. For example, the premium for a particular business when investments are bad might be $10,000. In the past, when investments were good, that same busine ss might have paid only $6,000 for their coverage. Assuming Lord Levene’s position is accepted, that $10,000 premium would remain constant regardless of how much the insurance company was making on their investments and would only rise if the markets turned even worse. To make things even more difficult, if this business had suffered any claims, they are at greater risk of having their coverage cancelled. At that point, this company would be forced to find a new insurance carrier. This is where things could begin to spiral out of control. Assuming the new insurance carrier is also looking for an underwriting profit, they would be forced to add the cost of what they consider to be a higher risk of claims to their expenses and this $10,000 policy might now cost $15,000. The customer now has a decision to make. Accept the higher premium and absorb the cost or pass this cost to their own customers in the form of a price increase. At this point you may be wondering how all of this relates to why â€Å"my rates are so high.† My thinking is simply this. If the business insurers subscribe to Lord Levene’s theories, then the personal insurers will probably not be very far behind. I have the unique perspective of a father with twenty-three years experience in the insurance industry, which gives me some insight as to â€Å"why my rates are so high.† I pay around $3,000 a year for my car insurance. According to my father, the reason is that the insurance companies feel that due to my age and lack of driving experience, I am more likely to have an accident. This likelihood comes back to me in the form of higher rates. While I may never have that accident, other members of my age group have in the past been in more accidents than any other age group. Statistically, that makes me a less desirable risk than someone in another group. For example, my parents pay less than the $3,000 I pay to insure both their cars. Another factor is geography. Where you live has as much to do with your rates as what group you belong to and what your claims history is. While my $3,000 premium seems ridiculously high, the premium for the same coverage might be as much as $4,000 just ten miles west of where I live. Move me to Brooklyn and that rate would be more than $7,000. This seems extremely unfair to me. Why should where I live have any bearing on my rates? The answer apparently has to do with the same logic that makes younger drivers pay more than more experienced drivers. It seems that insurance companies not only group drivers by age but by other factors, such as population density (how many more cars are there in a given geographical area?), claim frequency (how many more claims are there in Brooklyn vs. Eastern Suffolk County?). The companies also take in to account moving violations. Statistically speaking again, a driver with multiple traffic violations is an accident waiting to happen. Add to that, the logic that someone who makes a habit of passing stop signs or red lights is individually increasing the probability that they will be involved in some type of loss. People who drive fast not only have the increased probability of loss but also because of the speed, increase the probability of a more severe loss. Thereby costing the insurance company, and all of us, that much more money. This is why insurance companies either refus e insurance or at the very least charge much more for drivers with violations on their records. While all of this barely scratches the surface of what insurance companies look at when determining their rates, it does give us a pretty good idea of what we can do to keep our rates as low as possible. One thing would be to live in an area with less people and lower crime rates. For most of us, this is impossible. So what can we do without moving so far into the country that our nearest neighbors live five miles away? For one thing, avoid accidents and don’t pile up the moving violations. All I can say is that as unfair as insurance seems, ultimately the blame for higher rates rests with all of us. If no one ever had an accident, all we would have to insure against would be fire and theft. Since no one ever having an accident is not realistic, we can thank the powers that be for greed. If the insurance companies can find a way to make more money, you can bet they will do it. So while Lord Levene’s theories are disturbing, we can count on the overriding greed of the insurance companies to offset the theory of always making an underwriting profit. What I am trying to say is that when the investment markets are good, insurance companies make more money. As long as they can make more money by writing more policies at lower rates then by looking for that pie in the sky underwriting profit, that’s exactly what they will do. You can always tell when an insurance company is doing well in the market. Rate increases are few and far between and the company is writi ng more policies. When the market turns bad as it is now, insurance companies raise rates and reduce the number of new policies they sell. When you consider all of the factors that go into what an insurance company charges, combined with all the different laws and regulations they are required to comply with from state to state, it’s understandable why rates are what they are at any given time. So I guess the answer to my question is not as easy as my first thought. Between investment markets, geography, age group, driving experience, prior loss history, and driving record, it’s a wonder how they come with any rates that we can afford and still stay in business. I am not sure if I agree or disagree with the logic and statistics used by the insurance companies but I am sure of one thing. My rates are too high! You can also order a custom essay, term paper or research paper on insurance at our professional custom writing service which provides students with high-quality custom written papers. Here is a list of the most popular insurance research paper topics:   The history of insurance law in Britain   Insurance Reform   Insurance Planning   Insurance companies should be allowed to use genetic testing before giving someone health or life insurance.   High insurance rates have nursing homes going bare  How Insurance Works   Importance of Car Insurance   Global insurance   Reliable Insurance Case Study   Quicken Insurance Case Study

Python assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Python - Assignment Example Before using methods of a classes that are user defined, it is necessary to create an object which will temporarily hold values returned by the various methods of the associated class. bFiles is created to facilitate calling of the two methods of BrowseFiles. After variable and object declarations and initialization, the files containing the group of words to use for the game are read into the program using the open() method and stored in variables f1, f2, and f3 as shown in the file above. This program has used only three input files, however more files can be reead into the program when a method to read files is defined. The three for loops then loop through each file adding each word to a group according to its file. Once all the files have been loaded into the program and assigned to different groups, suggested management activities can be performed upon them. To browse the groups available, a user is asked to choose one of the groups so that its contents can be displayed. Using the object created BrowseFiles method browseGroups is called and given the user value for the group together with the groups as arguments. It then prints the words under the specified group. Deletion is done in the same way where the delGroup() is called and given the group name to delete. Fig.1.0. illustrates these activities. First important variables are declared: choice holds the string of words entered by user, score holds the number of words from the user choice that are present in the group chosen while score_record holds the score together with the timestamp of when it was created. The game prompts the user to enter the name of the group from which the jumbled words should be extracted. The group is then returned containing the words in reverse. The user is then prompted to enter the words that they can make out from the list. The loop checks each of the words against the original group and increments the

Gay, Lesbians, and Mental Illness Research Paper

Gay, Lesbians, and Mental Illness - Research Paper Example This is so because mental health personnel and society at large were given biased information, to begin with. The resultant conclusions were biased too because some time ago, only those gay/lesbians undergoing medical treatment were involved in the studies. But it soon became apparent that homosexuality was not a mental syndrome when researchers studied data of those who were not undergoing therapy. It was not only the mental health professional themselves who were guilty of this belief. Until 1973, even a prestigious organization as the American Psychiatric Association was guilty of this practice for they used to include homosexuality in the official manual that listed mental and emotional disorders. And it took American Psychological Association another two years to pass the resolution supporting the action of the APA. Some people still cling to the idea that mental illness is associated with homosexual orientation. It was the new and better-designed research methods that helped turn the tables in reaching this momentous decision on behalf of the gay/lesbians. Now, all concerned are in agreement that homosexuality is not an illness, mental disorder or an emotional problem. But it was not until more than three decades have passed that the situation was finally remedied. It is gratifying to note that much research has been done on the subject. Tori DeAngelis is a writer who is based in New York. She writes prolifically on homosexuality and related issues. She unearths valuable data on the lesbian/gay and bisexual (LGB) mental health and states that new findings overturn beliefs that were held previously inviolable. She reports on some of the new ‘breakthrough studies’ that offer fresh insights into the mental state of gay/lesbians. According to her, many such studies indicate that compared to heterosexuals, gay/lesbians seem to have higher rates of mental disorders.  Of course, this does not rise to the levels of serious pathology.  Ã‚  

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Some people believe the HR function can be performed by any person since traditionally; the role was performed by individuals who were the masters of the business. However, the business climate is dynamic and the role of HR has become more complex to be performed by any individual. Efforts such as certification are therefore being made to professionalize HRM and make HR professionals to be taken seriously by the senior management just like other fields and be considered as the strategic partner (Price, 2007). The nature and scope of HRM are very wide hence HR professionals perform many functions in the organization. This may warrant them to be recognized as professionals since their role is essential to the business. However, HR professionals need to demonstrate their value to the organization by showing results for them to be taken seriously. They also need to demonstrate certain qualities such as business knowledge, ability to support policies with data, strategic thinking among ot hers (Roehling et al. 2005). Most importantly, the managers must â€Å"continue to change and adapt to today’s complex, dynamic and fast-paced organizations if they are to grow and add value to the organization† (Sims 2007, p. 28). Scope and Concept of HRM The concept of HRM has evolved over time from personnel management to the current strategic human resource management. Just like other disciplines such as finance or marketing which are considered professional, HRM continues to grow and become more valuable especially as a result of globalization and other changes in the environment which require organizations to adapt to the changes and remain competitive or be pushed out of the market. For example, the growth of multinational has made the role of HR practitioners more complex as they have to deal with diversity issues (Redman & Wilkinson, 2009). Sims (2007) traces the origin of human resource management to England whereby craftspeople organized into guilds to regul ate employment conditions and also ensure quality. Later, the industrial revolution changed the nature of work to the factory system where employees were supervised by a person who was not the owner of the business. The workers undertook a trade test in order to join an organization and their jobs became more stable. Organizations in the 1920s began to have personnel departments to deal with employee payments, recruit workers and ensure compliance with government regulations. After World War II, there emerged new trends in personnel management with the formation of unions. The personnel managers had to deal with the unions to negotiate workers employment conditions hence the role of industrial relations emerged. According to Sims (2007), the personnel managers also undertook the role of recruiting and training women who were absorbed in the labour market. There was also the need to improve productivity hence the matching of people with jobs and concern for the worker's needs. It was believed that a satisfied worker was more productive. The development of theories such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs led to the emergence of new ways of managing people.

Partnership and Its Types Essay Example for Free

Partnership and Its Types Essay A partnership arises whenever two or more people co-own a business, and share in the profits and losses of the business. Each person contributes something to the business such as ideas, money, or property though management rights and personal liability will vary. In Pakistan the partnership firms are registered under the partnership act 1932 which defines the partnership as â€Å"The relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all† There should be at least two or maximum twenty partners in a firm with the exception of banking where maximum of ten partners could make the partnership A partnership may be registered with the Registrar of Firms of an area where the office of the firm is situated or proposed to be situated. A statement in prescribed form must be delivered to the relevant Registrar stating: †¢Firm name †¢Place or principal place of business of the firm †¢Names of any other places where the firm carries on business †¢Date when each partner joined the firm †¢Names in full and permanent addresses of the partners †¢Duration of the firm †¢Foretasted statement signed and verified by each partner Types of partners Active or working partner: Such a partner contributes capital and also takes active part in the management of the firm. He bears an unlimited liability for the firms debts. He is known to outsiders. He shares profits of the firm. He is a full-fledged partner. 2. Sleeping or dormant partner: A sleeping or inactive partner simply contributes capital. He does not take active part in the management of the firm. He shares in the profits or losses of the firm. His liability for the firms debts is unlimited. He is not known to the outside world. 3. Secret partner: This type of partner contributes capital and takes active part in the management of the firms business. He shares in the profits and losses of firm and his liability is unlimited. However, his connection with the firm is not known to the outside world. 4. Limited partner: The liability of such a partner is limited to the extent of his share in the capital and profits of the firm. He is not entitled to take active part in the management of the firms business. The firm is not dissolved in the event of his death, lunacy or bankruptcy. 5. Partner in profits only: He shares in the profits of the firm but not in the losses. But his liability for the firms debts is unlimited. He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm. Such a partner is associated for his money and goodwill. 6. Nominal: Such a partner neither contributes capital nor takes part in the management of business. He does not share in the profits or losses of the firm. He only lends his name and reputation for the benefit of the firm. He represents himself or knowingly allows himself to be represented as a partner. He becomes liable to outsiders for the debts of the firm. A nominal partner can be of two types: 7. Minor as a partner: A minor is a person who has not completed 18 years of age. A minor cannot become a partner because he is not qualified to enter into a contract. But he may be admitted to the benefits of partnership with the mutual consent of all the partners. On being so admitted, a minor becomes entitled to a share in the profits of the firm. He can inspect and copy the books of account of the firm but he cannot take active part in the firms management. His liability is limited to the extent of his share in the capital and profits of the firm. He cannot file a suit against the firm or its partners to get his share except when he wants to disassociate himself from the firm. After becoming a major, the minor must give a public notice within six months if e wants to break off his connections with the partnership firm. If he does not give such a notice within six months or if he decides to remain in the firm, he becomes liable to an unlimited extent for the debts of the firm from the date he was admitted to the benefits of partnership. He also becomes entitled to take active part in the management of the firms business. 8. Sub partner: He is a third person with whom a partner agrees to share his profits desired from the firm. He does not take part in the management of the firm. He is not liable for the firms debts.

The Fatal Jet Ski Ride :: Memoir Essays

The Fatal Jet Ski Ride Walking down the cold, white, hospital hall, my mind was racing a million miles an hour. How could she be dead? Two people in two days...what are the chances? We rounded the corner, my cousin Daniele holding on to me as hard as she could, me gripping her arm to keep myself in pace. There she was, Pam Doan, her body I should say, lying there under that white sheet. Pam, was my cousin's best friend, and mine too, for the fourteen days I'd been there. Two weeks earlier I had arranged for my boyfriend, Charles, to come pick me up and take me back with him to Bridgeport, Nebraska to stay with my Aunt Annie, Uncle Gaylen and my cousins Casey, 18 and Daniele, 15. I arrived there June 23rd, 2002, the day after my 17th birthday. The first few days consisted of Daniele teaching me how to drive her car, seeing how I didn't have one of my own there, and she couldn't drive yet. I had never driven a stick shift before, and it was a pretty comical experience for the both of us. But once I had mastered it, we drove all over that little town. Just Daniele, Pam and I. Pam was 17 also, looking forward to her 18th birthday in November. Our days started routinely. Daniele and I getting up and showering, convincing her dad to take the boat out to the town lakes so we could go tubing and water skiing. Meeting Pam out there and the three of us spending all day in our swimsuits getting tan and sore from riding those damn tubes around the lakes. A few trips here and there into town to my aunt's mexican restaurant to get some food. Then it was back into the shower as we got ready to go out for the night. There were places to go and people to meet. I met my cousin's ex-boyfriend, Aron, and his friend Kyle. Then there was "Perv", whose real name I haven't a clue. At one social gathering, Daniele and I were having a conversation with a couple of guys, one who was Aaron Houston and the other was Stuart Klassen, who will always be known to Daniele and I as "Possum". Then along came the 4th of July weekend that will haunt me forever. My uncle took their family camper out to the lakes and Daniele and I took turns with her brother, Casey, staying out there.

K to 12 programs: Implementation is it worth it or Burden Essay

To start with, what does Education means to you? In the dictionary, it is defined as the act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense education is the process by which society deliberately transmit it’s accumulate knowledge, skill and values from one generation to another. In my own words, Education is the process of learning by which the knowledge, character and behaviour are produced and modified. In this essay, I will impart upon my readers my opinion of what education means to me. My education given to me by my grade school was one which provided me with sufficient skill about academics performances however I have hard time in arithmetic, knowing my own limitation in academics makes me comprehend that I must build up more. As time goes by, our education improves. The DepED implied new curriculum. This is the K to 12 programs. Under this curriculum there will be additional 2-years in secondary level. Is the K to 12 curriculums â€Å"worth it†? In my point of view it is worth it. Why? Because it helps all the students to learn more about entrepreneurship and livelihood business and our country will become globally competitive. The K to 12 curriculums will be sufficient to prepare students for work and this is the betterment of our education system and our economy. And the good thing in this curriculum is when you are graduated in this curriculum you can immediately work without continuing college but you can’t have a degree but if decide to continue college it is better because you can have a superior work and have a degree. While on the other hand, it is â€Å"Burden†. Well they say that this K to 12 curriculums is an additional burden to the parents particular when they are having deficient in money sending their children in schools. Of course all of the parents desire to send their children to have high-quality education but in various cases because of poverty their option is to not educate them. In conclusion, the K to 12 curriculums is worth it neither it a burden. Without doubt, education can affect one’s future. It is undeniably that through education, we can pursue our dream and ambition in life. The choice is in our hands. We must equip ourselves with plenty knowledge in order to be successful in life. It is depending on us what will be our future; education is just a tool to reach our ambition in life. The work is still in our hands. And education is the best gift you could ever  receive, because once you have it, no one can ever take it. I believe this understanding of the DepED will be a big chance to achieve our objective in life. I have come to think that the K to 12 curriculums is a brilliant project but the question is â€Å"Will the K to 12 programs facilitate the students intending to pursue a higher education†. A relationship is like a rose, How long it lasts, no one knows; Love can erase an awful past, Love can be yours, you’ll see at last; To feel that love, it makes you sigh, To have it leave, you’d rather die; You hope you’ve found that special rose, ‘Cause you love and care for the one you chose.

Discrimination in Labor

In the case of Sarah Crone vs. United Parcel Service, Inc. , decided by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, the court decided against the complainant, and held that there was lack of evidence to show that the employer was discriminatory in not considering her for the promotion. In said case Crone, a dispatcher of the employer corporation wanted to be promoted to the dispatcher supervisor position, when the said position became available.However, she was not promoted because the Department Manager and the Division Manager feared she might not be able to deal with confrontations, which are necessarily attached to the supervisory position. For Crone, this ground was discriminatory on account of sex. According to the court, Crone was unable to show that the company’s reason was a mere pretext to cover up its discriminatory purpose. (Crone v. UPS, Inc. , 2002).The issue of discrimination can indeed be raised in this case, considering that it initially appears that Crone was not considered for promotion merely because of some trait that the managers ascribed to her on account of her being a woman. It should be noted that discrimination exists where distinctions are made, â€Å"in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit. (Dictionary. com). Federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws prohibit all sorts of discriminatory practices of employers, which include making â€Å"employment decisions based on stereotypes or assumptions about the abilities, traits, or performance of individuals of a certain sex, race, age, religion, or ethnic group, or individuals with disabilities. † (Federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws).These EEO laws, which have been passed in most states, enjoin companies to provide equal employment opportunity to all their employees, without regard to irrelevant characteristics such as age, religion and sex. EEO laws, having been based on the fundamental principle of fairness, urges companies to allow equal opportunity for employees to succeed. (Fair Measures). Following these laws, therefore, the company’s decision to choose another person over Crone falls within the category of employment decisions that should not be tainted with discriminatory considerations.However, it cannot be said that the court’s decision in this case in dismissing the complaint could lead to unlawful excuses for discrimination in other settings, because the ruling was not a statement of a policy favoring the creation of biases against women. The ruling was based on facts. The company was able to substantiate its defense that it was justified in finding Crone unqualified for the position because of her lack of necessary skills to deal with confrontations, which evaluation was supported by an occasion where Crone came close to tears while a driver became confrontational with her.Thus, the court upheld the ruling in Kiel v. Select Artificials, Inc. , 169 F. 3d 1131, 1136 (8th Cir. ) (en banc), cert. denied, 528 U. S. 818 (1999), which said, â€Å"In the absence of any evidence of discriminatory intent, however, it is not the prerogative of the courts or jury to sit in judgment of employers’ management decisions. † (Crone v. UPS, Inc. , 2002). Thus, it would be premature to conclude that this decision veers away from the policy against discrimination, as it is clear that the company’s decision was based on cold facts.This writer believes that the above case does not require elaborate changes in the present EEO structure, as there is no danger of discrimination, provided that the law’s nuances and policy are carefully followed. The law provides for instances that could be considered discrimination. In the absence of sufficient proof of such discrimination, the law is correct in providing equal protection to employers who have the right to man age their business in accordance with their preferences.

Review of «Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers Moral Reasoning» by James Weber

Review of  «Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers Moral Reasoning » by James Weber Introduction This write-up intends to review an article written by James Weber titled Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers’ Moral Reasoning. The main areas that this essay will tackle include: the basis of the article, the main points presented in the article and a critical evaluation of the article with reference to how well the article achieves its goals, shortcomings, possibilities suggested by the article and conclude with the most convincing points.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Review of  «Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers’ Moral Reasoning » by James Weber specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the article, Weber seeks to illustrate how to enhance Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Interview and the Standard Issue Scoring Method by conducting an empirical study that uses four adaptations. The main purpose of the article was to illustrate that, there are ot her scientifically acceptable methods, which are, a modification of Kohlberg methods that can be utilized in the quest of enhancing the assessment of the level of moral reasoning for managers. Based on the evidence presented inform of discussions and sample interview questions, Weber was able to convince me on the applicability and generalization of his findings. Background information Conflict resolution in any organizational setting is an essential facet that ensures proper workplace relations, interactions and performance thus ensuring that organizational goals are met in due time. Weber in this article strives to provide better ways of assessing the manager’s level of reasoning with reference as to how they deal with emerging conflicts in the workplace. In order to critically evaluate the applicability, generalization and the internal validity of Weber’s empirical research, I will evaluate the nature and scope of his literature review, sample size, data collection tools, data presentation and analysis and discussions. Summary Weber has justified the relevance of assessing the level of moral reasoning for managers by indicating that managers are continuously faced with substantial conflicting issues in the work place thus, the need to assess their level of ethical and moral reasoning in dealing with such issues (293). Further, to justify for the need to come up with adaptation strategies that are relevant for assessing the moral reasoning for managers, Weber identifies the major shortcomings of Kohlberg instruments of moral assessment by indicating that, â€Å"Kohlberg’s objective was to assess the development of an individual’s moral reasoning from childhood to adult hood†, which is contrary to what Weber sort to assess (294).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, Weber has explained Kohlberg assertio n of the reasoning development stages as proconvetional, conventional and postconventional. Weber explains that, according to Kohlberg method of assessing the level of moral reasoning, this stages are relevant in the sense that they present an individual’s reasoning from childhood through to adult hood in relation to the environment that the inhabit (295-296). To test his hypothesis, Weber prescribes four adaptation strategies that build on Kohlberg’s methods. They include more moral dilemmas that are familiar to the client as opposed to familiar dilemmas, probe questions that expound on organizational values, written interviews, as opposed to oral interviews and a Standard Issue Scoring that is more particular on moral concepts (297-304). Weber’s findings indicate that when the managers’ moral reasoning were assessed based on familiar dilemmas, and unfamiliar dilemmas, the responses assessed indicated that familiar dilemmas scores were low and, that they were better placed to assess the level of moral reasoning. Results also indicate that more managers were willing to be interviewed through written interviews â€Å"97%† as opposed to the â€Å"50† response rate recorder for oral interviews (304). Further, the introduction of follow up questions that were related to organizational values was significant in evaluating the managers’ moral responses. Results also indicate that the inclusion of a Standard Issue Scoring tool that was centered on moral concept was insignificant (308). Critical evaluation The main agenda behind Weber’s article was to demonstrate that, there were other viable recognize scientific options other than the conventional Kohlberg moral reasoning assessment tools. Through a well though sample size for the two sets of interviews (oral and written), Weber was able to prove that more managers were inclined to written interviews as it took less time (304-305). Further, the inclusion of the used interview questions (Appendix A) and the use of correlation analysis were tremendously important in this study in order to indicate the differences between Weber’s adapted methods and the original Kohlberg methods. Therefore, the article was able to achieve its goals. The article suggests that, it is possible to come up with a Standard Issue Scoring method that is more competent than Kohlberg’s, by conducting more research on the tool.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Review of  «Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers’ Moral Reasoning » by James Weber specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He also suggests that, there is a possibility that, a researcher who uses his third adaptation (use of probe questions that focus on organization value) might not get the exact level of moral reasoning because, that adaptation requires careful considerations with reference to the type of que stions asked (308). Generally, the article indicates that, it is possible to use the four adaptations and arrive at a much better conclusion. The general format and presentation of the article was excellent; however, there were some minor shortcomings which included an extremely short literature review and a shallow discussion that had minimal comparison to other research findings on the same topic. Conclusion In conclusion, Weber’s article was exceptionally informative as it derived various convincing points such as it is possible to conduct better moral reasoning assessments for managers by using interviews in written form as opposed to oral interviews and using more familiar dilemmas as opposed to unfamiliar dilemmas. The article also acknowledges that, organizational values have a lot of bearing on how managers resolve conflicts and that a more consistent Standard Issue Scoring tool needs to be developed. Weber, James. â€Å"Adapting Kohlberg to enhance the assessment o f managers’ moral reasoning.† Business Ethics Quarterly 1.3 (1990): 293-318. Print.

Refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne

Refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne The Royal Exhibition Building located within Carlton Gardens in Melbourne Australia is a gem in comparison to other famous exhibition pavilions in the world. This site is ideal for large public or trade exhibitions and prominent main events. Having been completed in 1880, this iconic building has seen better days.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A growing demand in new market areas and the subsequent advancement in technology has placed new demands on this facility. This has prompted the authorities in charge to come up with strategies aimed at upgrading the venue into an amiable facility worthy of a six star status. The spot features first-class interior floor space of 12 000sq. m. over two levels, 7 000sq. m. of multipurpose outdoor grounds, exceptional public transport access and covertly secured parking lot (Cadamer 2008 , pp.101).  Scope of Feasibility Study for the Refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building Melbourne. Introduction The Commission for Sustainable Development in Australia has voted to commission a feasibility study to evaluate the technical and economic issues that would result from a refurbishment of the Royal building in the city of Melbourne. The intended refurbishment aims to upgrade this majestic venue to a level where it attains six star statuses. The study will consider the most viable options that can be undertaken to ensure that this historic site maintains its grandeur and it is also able to sustainably compete at the world market. The study will be ultimately used to support the use of readily available resources and technologies for the improvement of one of the worlds heritage sites so as to tap in to emerging market trends and also in an attempt to maintain the cultural heritage synonymous with the site. Its accessibility and connectivity to the rest of Melbournes financial, transportation and communication services will play a long way in ensuring this (David 2006 pp. 108).  This project is being overseen by the Department of Cultural heritage, Commission of Sustainable development, National Geographic and Natural Resources (Australia) and the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (Australia). This project is funded under the Asian Pacific Economic Program for Asian Pacific countries in conjunction with the Australian ministry of cultural heritage. This Program aims to address the economic and social disadvantages which can result from the refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition building. Under this major Program, several Measures will be undertaken to improve the general ambiance of this historic site.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is supposed to be accompanied by a tangible and sustainable upgrade in the transport, energy and communications infrastructure within the eligible area, in order to facilitate economic development and social co-operation that would match demands of the 21st century. Objectives of Study The object of this study is to evaluate the technical and economic issues that would arise in refurbishing the Royal Exhibition building in Melbourne such that it acquires a six star status. Bringing six stardom status to the Royal Exhibition Building is the core objective of this whole venture and this has to naturally fall under a careful sort out set of assumptions which will include the following. Determine the feasibility of providing a venue worthy of a six star status which is able to avail the desired competitive advantages to be able to tap in the numerous economic advantages being presented by the 21st century (Ihde 2001).  Identify the financial ramifications that might be associated with the said project. Provide an estimate of the human capital requirements a ssociated with the refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. Define any relevant geographical and archaeological features that would be encountered within the envisaged refurbishment activity, Carry out a Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment, Define the major components, potential locations and basic layouts for connecting all the present and potential stake holders. Prepare a project budget to an accuracy of +/- 10%, Prepare a project schedule.  In order for a project of such a magnitude to come into effect, several stakeholders have to put their act together. In this case the possible stakeholders are the Department of Cultural Heritage. This is mandated with the preservation and promotion of Australias cultural sites and since the Royal Exhibition Building lies in its domain then it is inevitable that they be a stake holder. The Commission of Sustainable development has been mandated in coming up with possible ways of enhancing developments that are su stainable in both the short and long term economic future. The National Geographic and Natural resources Commission is a national body that ensures that all natural resources are harnessed and exploited accordingly. Hence it would seem a very viable option for the refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building to enable it to reap full benefits of its economic potential.  Development of Enterprise, Trade and Investment movement is movement that would want to promote the said refurbishment in view of a potential upsurge in trade and business ventures once the venue acquires six stardom statuses.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Refurbishment of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Municipal Council of Melbourne, being a local government duly elected by the people, it would be an ideal opportunity for the council to invest and hence enable the electorate to benefit from the accrued revenues generating from the refurbished sites. UNESCO. Having endured 130 years since its construction, the Royal Exhibition building is rated highly by the United Nations body as an important heritage site and thus is likely to get an instant node as a site worthy of getting an upgrade so as to march up to the demands of 21 st century. Refurbishments are bound to occur at some point in the lifespan of a building. A buildings construction and design should put into consideration how future refurbishments can be undertaken. It must have occurred to the original designers of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne to put in place certain measures that would have ensured that this majestic structure would in future allow for some sustainable renovations to take place in view of not only prolonging its life but also to improve its aesthetic value so as to draw a larger clientele. From a Similar point of view, the building’s original blue print could have revealed a d eliberate attempt to accommodate renovations which would enable the building to get acceptable returns on investment if it was ever to be put up for sale.  This feasibility study was prompted by the desire to achieve the following objectives; First there was the desire to extend the life of the iconic Royal Exhibition building in Melbourne so that future generations would be able to behold in real essence the grandeur and panache that was originally associated with the said building. Then it was considered quite crucial that the building should uphold and retain its attractiveness to the already changing clientele. It is also of paramount importance that the building is able to measure up to the ever changing environmental demands i. e being compliant under the green technology adage while at the same time retaining its attractiveness to clients. The building is also expected to continue attracting greater rents and also present a considerable return on investments in case of a po ssible sale. The building is also through its refurbishments supposed to attract a six star recognition while at the same time achieving the much coveted competitive edge. Any sustainable renovation has to face up to challenges posed by constraints presented by time limitation and the fact that refurbishments and reconstruction present extra expenses and an interruption to the businesses that operate from the particular venue (Ihde,2001 pp.111)). Due to the following reasons, the need to act swiftly and minimize expenses are the main challenges that formulators of renovation designs have to constantly deal with. During renovation, huge amounts of waste is generated, thus it is very vital that a suitable approach for dealing with reclaimed materials, equipment and resources be put in place. It is also worthy to note that budget allocations could considerably reduce if effective processes of ensuring that proper waste management practices are put in place. This should also be accompan ied by a proper utilization of reclaimed material Access to eco-friendly and reclaimable resources is linked to a structure’s blueprint.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a close link between the two since the necessity of materials at a construction blueprint stage basically influences when, and to what degree, a structure requires renovation or remodeling. Secondly, design influences ease of access to required material so much so that if it fails to identify appropriate ways of using eco-friendly/reusable resources, then it follows that unnecessary expenses will be incurred while at the same time having to deal with identifying practical ways of dealing with the waste material (Hillary 2005 pp 101). Up to 97% of the construction work in Australia is carried out on already existing structures. Thus, building activities in the country have a great opportunity to embrace the concepts widely advocated the champions of a greener technology. Market analysis Australia is one of the fast developing countries in the world. The country has experienced several tremendous improvements over the last couple of years and this is not going to slow down. O ne of the areas noticeable is on tourism. Although tourism, one of the countrys key sectors, is having to endure an ever increasing competition from other Asian pacific countries, studies have indicated that a steady flow of tourists have continuously flocked Australia since the Sidney Olympics in 2002. This coupled with the fact that Australia is experiencing growing demand in new market areas such as venture and intellectual tourism, eco-tourism and upscale hotels, offers an opportunity for the country to revitalize the full-grown tourism sector, in addition the amplification of eco-tourism across the country. Other positive examples are the presence of offshore education and information and communication technology (ICT) enabled practices seen as possible additional sectors of potential development, especially from English-speaking countries. Foreign exchange earnings from both the agricultural and manufactured goods have immensely increased within the last 5 years, this has also seen an upward surge in developments in tourism, learning and monetary service providers.  Over 4,200 firms in Australian are doing business directly with China, there has also been a tremendous increase of small and medium sized enterprises from Australia in china in the last two years. Our resources companies has been joined by architectural, building, engineering, logistical, accountancy and legal firms are some of the companies from Australia that are now taking part in the Chinese market Export of manufactured goods to the least developed countries has increased from a partly 43% from the last ten year to an impressive 53% this current year. UBS has pointed out to India, South Africa, Papua New Guinea, and the UAE as emerging future markets for Australia products. With upsurge of economic developments in most countries that traditionally had shared little or no economic ties with Australia, It has thus become increasingly necessary for Australia to review its trade relations with these countries in attempts to tap into the new but lucrative business opportunities presented. In short, the emergence of these economic ventures is bound to present an ideal ground for the Royal exhibition building as a focal business/commercial center. 1st July 2004 marks the day when the Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens got duly recognition by UNESCO and were therefore subsequently placed on the World Heritage list. Hence, they became the first sites within Australia to achieve a listing in World Heritage. Presently, the Royal Exhibition Building is a component site of Museum Victoria while the adjacent gardens fall under the jurisdiction of the City of Melbourne. With its fabulously lavish interior, all-embracing galleries and lofty arena, the Great Hall is second to none when it comes to hosting superb trade shows, fairs and artistic and public events. Hence with anticipated refurbishments, this majestic venue will not only attract high caliber clientele but will also enhance a long and an illustrious history as one of the worlds, cultural.business and heritage sites. Technical Analysis The Royal Exhibition is located in Carlton Gardens Melbourne Australia. It is made of brick and has been set on a bluestone base. It has long central naves and stunted transepts. For access, it has four triumphal entrance porticoes one on each side. Refurbishment works of for this building are aimed at embracing a variety of green building aspects. It is aimed at achieving high levels of carbon neutrality and water balance. Innovative technologies such as lowering the use of energy and recycling of used water in the building for cleaning and watering the adjacent gardens are some of the technologies that will be used. Figures in US $ Activity Duration Cost Moving and setting machines and equipment 2 months 2,000,000 Renovation of the e and w wings of the building 8 months 48,000,000 Renovation of the s and w wings of the building 8months 48,000 ,000 Restoration of adjacent parking area 2 months 6,000,000 Total cost 104,000,000 Dynamo Company limited which has taken part in the construction of numerous mega structures in Australia will be providing the necessary machinery and equipment. They were considered since they have all that was needed in terms of machines and equipment. The centrality of the building makes it most ideal for access of building materials. This is also enhanced by the availability of building material in Melbourne and good infrastructure which ensures smooth transportation.Above is an illustration of the time and amount of finances projected for complete renovation of the building. It has been decided to follow the following sequence so as to allow for continuation of business by half of the premises operating there even when renovation work is ongoing. This is only a projection and it has also been taken into account that financial implications at completion of the project might exceed the pro jected figures due to factors such as price inflation. It might also take longer than two years to complete due to other unforeseen circumstances such as erratic weather conditions.  Since the construction industry in Australia has grown considerably, there is abundant skilled labor to undertake the renovation. The various cadres required to undertake a successful construction venture for instance, architects, designers, engineers, masons, laborers, machine operators etc are in constant supply. Most of the waste material from the renovation will be put into good use. Rabble and debris from the site will be used to lay the foundation of the adjacent park. Discarded steel will be smelted and recycled. Statement of anticipated problems and risks Refurbishment of the Royal exhibition building is bound to experience the following hiccups; inadequate funds. Though there are potential stakeholders who might be willing to fund this project, their budgetary allocations might not be enough to see the project to its conclusive stage. The project also faces the problem of having to experience lapses in the time frame within which it is supposed to have commenced and gained completion. There is also the problem of price and market fluctuations in building materials which will mean that the original operating budgets cannot sustain the project to its conclusion. This project might also experience difficulties in having to deal with the numerous and stringent legal legislations required by the authorities. The emergence of other new and modern business venues might mean that this project is deemed vague and an attempt in futility. There can also emerge conflicting refurbishment designs (Seebhom, 2004). Financial analysis The proposed project is estimated to cost around one hundred and twenty ($120) US dollars. Twenty million is expected to cover the cost of labor while the rest is supposed to cover the cost of the building materials needed for the completion of the project . The vast amount of funds that this project is expected to require will call for several investors to chip in. However, the Australian government should be expected to contribute a substantial amount through its various bodies namely; Commission for sustainable development, National Geographic and Natural Resources commission and the development of Enterprise, Trade and Investments Program. Other potential investors include UNESCO and the Municipal Council of Melbourne. Having that the Royal Exhibition Building is a venerated business hub in Melbourne, several financial institutions might also consider it as good business and decide to finance the project anticipating improved returns once the project is complete.  Currently the Royal Exhibition Building has a usual turnover of about twenty five million dollars per annum. With improved facilities after the refurbishment, this revenue is expected to double. For all the investors to recoup their invested funds, it is estimated that it will take a minimum of five years for the hundred and twenty million dollars plus interest to be fully recovered by the investors. After that, the building is estimated to be accruing revenues of around forty million dollars per year. Financial Cash Flow Statement: Renovation of the Royal Exhibition Building  (figures in US$ ) EvaluationTo objectively and judiciously unearth the strengths and weaknesses of an existing business or projected endeavor, be able to identify the opportunities and threats involved, take stock of the available resources, coming up will ways of applying these resources to attain an anticipated amount of success is in most of the cases the reason why most feasibility studies are carried out. This has been the case with my case study. However, sound capital budgeting techniques must be adhered to so as to determine beyond doubt that the project will be viable financially. This not only helps in making sound economic decisions but it also allows for the exploration of profitable investment opportunities. I will confine myself to mainly three techniques to measure the worth of this particular project against its expected return on investment. Payback method It represents the number of years required to recover the original cash outlay invested in a project. It is based on the principle that every capital expenditure pays itself back over a number of years. It attempts to measure the period of time it takes for the original cost of a project to be recovered from the additional earning of the project. The formula for calculating payback period is; This shows a strong indication that the project is highly viable. Though the above method is favored due to its, simplicity, liquidity, safety and reliability, it fails to capture the time value of money, disregards the productivity and cost of capital and doesn’t capture the entire lifespan of projects. Net Present Value Method The net present value is the difference between the pr esent value of the future cash inflows after tax and the present value of cash out lay. It is expressed as follows; Conclusion This is also a good indication that the project is viable.  Inasmuch as one would want look forward to formulating a foolproof feasibility study, it should be noted that there are some underlying factors that will inevitably influence the course of events and which can be hardly be anticipated neither accounted for. For example a schedule feasibility study may fail to account for delays emanating from maybe erratic climatic conditions or may be due to a sudden inflation in world markets (Thomas 2004, pp. 222). List of References Cadamer. H. 2008. Feasibility Study. California: University of California Press. David A. 2006. Learn About Building Green and Sustainability. Warsaw: Trane  Publishers. Ihde, D.2001. Expanding With Sustainable Technology. Illinois: North West  University Press. Jean. 2001. Feasibility Study Simplified. New York: State Univer sity New Press.  Hillary. B. 2005. Emerging Technologies and Practices. Chicago: Chicago  University Press. Ramburg, B. 2009. Boosting Efficiency energy with emerging  Technologies.Chicago:Summer2009 Hacket. Seebhom. T. 2004. Feasibility methods Methodology ISBNI-4020=2618-8(e-book)Dordrecht,Netherlands:KluwertPublishers. Stephen, J. 2011. Building Community Using Social Technology. Maryland:  United Press.  Thiselton, D.2000. Sustainable energy. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing  Company. Thomas, G. 2004. The Royal Exhibition Building. Melbourne: University of  Melbourne Press.