Preference Share and Convertible Note Essay

The issue to be considered here is if the good form of a preference share or a interchangeable note is paramount or more important than all other things? I do believe this statement is not appropriate and the amount of a preference share or a standardized note is more important than the legal form.BodyFrom the perspective of users, the disclosure in financial statements is the nearly vital approach to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of the reporting entity. As the equity and the liability endlessly lead to different effects to the reporting entity, so the disclosure of the equity and the liability could lead to users different decisions. Therefore, when classifying the equity and the liability, the reporting entity should adhere to the principle of substance over form in AASB Framework para. 35. Based on the above statement, some analysis of this case are as follow1. As shown in AASB 132 para. AG25, preference shar es, which are redeemable on a specific date or at the option of the holder, should be classified as liabilities rather than equity, and the land is that the issuer has an obligation to transfer assets to the holder of the preference shares however, preference shares, which are redeemable at the option of the issuer, should be classified as equity rather than liabilities, since thither has no obligations for the issuer to transfer assets to the shareholder. AASB 132 para. AG25 and AG26 also outline that, the classification for non- redeemable preference shares is based on the substance of the arrangement or the rights attach to the shares, rather than the legal form.2. As shown in Framework, the convertible notes would be classified as equity if conversion to equity is the probable outcome, while the convertible notes would be classified as liabilities if redemption at maturity is the probable outcome. Or as shown in AASB 132 para. 29, convertible notes should be classified separate ly based on two destinys liabilities, since convertible notes are contractual arrangements to deliver cash or another financial asset and equity, since convertible notes are call options granting the holder the right, for a specified intent of time, to convert it into a fixed number of ordinary shares of the entity. In addition, AASB 132 para. AG32 illustratethat n conversion of a convertible instrument at maturity, the entity derecognizes the liability component and recognizes it as equity, and the original equity component remains as equity.ConclusionBase on the above analysis, I do believe that this statement in this is not appropriate. Since when classified a preference share or a convertible note, according to AASB Framework and AASB standards, the substance over form.

Harlem Literary Warriors

The legacies of slavery, freedom and racism continuously linger in the pages of history. African American literature blatantly caters varied stories of experiences of those who had been witnesses of the struggles in the metempsychosis time (Fabre and Feith).It was a time when the frustrations, desires, sentiments and everything that had been felt by those who felt that they were being oppressed were established in the form of literary pieces established in publications for the designing of being heard (McKay and Gates).The lame fact of that certain point of time is that it had been a time of agony and doom for some of those who had their heart on writing. The subjugation and deprivation reached up to the point of non being able to be recognized in the field which they wanted to be a part of (Jones).Blacks were not considered as a part of the society, enjoying the privileges which had been sought by those who believed that they were above their race (Jones). It felt like they were hooked on a string like puppets.Zora Neale Hurston UnleashedKnown as a woman of deep interest on anything under the sun with a seminal figure of the vintage Harlem Renaissance celebrated writer, anthropologist and part-time vocalizer actress, shared her skills in the literary world by writing short stories, essays, novels, plays tackling different subjects aimed in enticing the eyes of the empathic masses (Kaplan).However, her classical working have not been published and produced given such rationality that a lot of people in her time were considerably beyond her reach, a reason why here works were not often given credit (Nelson).But fate was not as bad as to how it could have seemed, in the person of Wallace Thurman, she was given the chance to share her masterpieces in literature and aside from that, a deeper sense of connectivity lingered but unfortunately soured which was even published forcefully proscribe against her in an autobiography (Kaplan).Succession of her worksOb scurity swallowed her being leading to a sad death. If indicateions ought to pop off in mind for such confusion on how her works came out in the scene, Alice Walkers succession among Hurstons works is most likely the most suitable answer (Hurston Kaplan).Hurstons Political RhetoricHurstons imperialistic and political stand in her works portrayed an array of incongruous arguments against cultural politics. She al ways believed that the cultural populism is a way of energizing a hoi polloi of democracy (Hurston Nelson).Community based role innovative representations tiled her echelon of praises for the flexibility of her beliefs in political deeds and perceptions. Her folklore commitment served as driving force in linking to an dominating and ethnically catalyst in political idealism (Hurston Nelson Kaplan).Genius of the SouthHer style in writing, though often criticized for the fact that it had not been adhering to what was common and desired by the government, portrays a perfec t representation of the freedom of the press, one of the rights of a state which was in her time, not given credit to her collaboration of passionate and zealous words and her ways in revealing language as well as concealing the cores of the soul, ensemble an indulging arena of classical writing (Hurston McKay and Gates).The oral folklore which consistently amalgamated her rationality and narrating her life story at the same time, an example by which various authors are mimicking nowadays to catch a readers charge had been a breakthrough in destabilizing the mishaps of contemporary literature. Skipping the conventionality to higher form of intellectual skill in scribbling aiming tom entice the flaming emotion of quest for freedom (Fabre and Feith).

Of Mice and Men Essay

The Great Depression took place in the United States in the 1930s. Union California, Salinas Valley was affected by the Great Depression. Many farmers lost their properties and were forced to find other officiate up. Banks were forced to foreclose on mortgages and had to collect debts. Hundreds of thousands of farmers packed up their families and few belongings, and headed for California. The Great Depression left many tribe in poverty and caused them to face unpleasant events. This is how life was ilk for the characters in Steinbecks fresh Of Mice and Men.Mostly all the characters in this novel suffered from loneliness. Some of the men desired to come to crapher in a way that would allow them to be like brothers to one another. Given the harsh, nongregarious conditions under which the men live, it is no surprise that they idealize friendship between other men in such(prenominal) a way. In the novel Of Mice and Men, conjuration Steinbeck uses characterization of dialogue and actions to show that everyone is lonely in some way even if they be surrounded by others. John Steinbeck uses characterization to show that loneliness causes people to reveal their feelings through dialogue.When Curleys wife walks into the farm, she sees Lennie and begins to have words to him. He tries to avoid her and she says I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely (86). Curleys wife has no one to talk to, and even Lennie tries to avoid her. Her words reveal that she is very lonely and even though there are so many people around her, nobody wants to talk to her. These words are significant because it shows how lonely she actually is and how everyone tries to keep away from her because they know she causes drama and that she is married to Curley.George and Lennie also experience loneliness that they show through dialogue. As George and Lennie walk to the ranch together, George says, Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliness guys in the world. They got no f amily and they dont belong to no place (121). In addition, George and Lennie have no real home. They work the season, and then move on. They have no family, no relatives, and no ties except to each other. Georges words reveal that the life style of migrant workers such as themselves gives the way to a lonely life.This dialogue is significant because it shows how George and Lennie are lonely and that even though they travel and meet new people they withal possess some kind of loneliness. Even though George was surrounded by many of the men, he sat quietly by himself at on the duck all alone. George cut the cards and began turning them over, looking at each one and throwing it down in a pile (27). George is occupying his time by school term alone at the table and organizing cards. Georges actions show that he is lonely and has nothing better to do then organize a deck of cards.His actions are significant because it reveals how George is lonely and how he spends his time by himself organizing cards. Also, when Crooks experiences loneliness he occupies himself with books. Even though Crooks is surrounded by so many men, he oftentimes feels lonely, but he tries to convince himself that he is not lonely. Spose you had to sit out here an read books. Sure you could play horseshoes cashbox it got dark, but then you got to read books. Books anit no good. A guy needs somebody to be near him he goes nuts if he personalt got nobody (72).Crooks is very lonely and he wishes that he could have someone to talk to, but he tries to be busy by playing horseshoes and reading books. His actions show that he is extremely lonely, and that he occupies himself with little things to keep himself from suffering. Crooks actions are significant because loneliness cause people to spend their time by themselves. In the novel Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck uses characterization of dialogue and actions to reveal that one can be surrounded by a group and still be lonely. The use of dialogue proves that the characters are lonely even though they are working closely together.Also, through the characterization of actions the reservoir reveals that most of the men are lonely and that the men occupy themselves even though they are with a group of people. John Steinbecks theme applies to the broad(a) would because it proves that loneliness affects everyone at one time or another. It changes the way a person thinks and behaves. When people feel lonely their actions and way of life are affected. nonexistence can run away from loneliness even if they live with a group of people. Its a trait that no one can get rid of.

Branches of Philosophy Essay

There argon five types of branches in school of thought. These branches loafer be categories as Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Politics, and Estetics. The first branch of philosophy is Metaphysics, as rise known as the study of existence. Metaphysics transaction as a foundation in philosophy as well as the foundation of the spate of our ball. Metaphysics is very pregnant to all of us as it help us to deal with world by explaining and interpreting the world and nature most us.As you can see, without Metaphysics in our life, we go out be futile to preserve our life as well as being ambiguous toward the information and knowledge close to us, if this happen, we bequeath have difficulty to live and comprehend the world. Therefore, Metaphysics is very important in our life. There be in addition some refer ele ments of a rational metaphysics, one of the most important element would be reality. From a metaphysical side of view, reality must(prenominal) be understood pe rfectly and correctly because reality can be said as absolute and consistent.It has a specific nature independent of our thoughts or feelings. Besides reality, causation too play an important role in metaphysics. This is because everything happens for a apprehension and overly an effect. Every entity has a specific nature and act according to that specific nature. Therefore, we can define that causality is means by which changes occurs, but the changes occurs depending on a specific nature. The following branch of philosophy is Epistemology, which is also known as the study of knowledge.This branch of philosophy is used to address the question How do I know about it as Epistemology is the study of our rule or ways to acquired knowledge. It also relates our minds to reality by concerning how atomic number 18 they related to each an former(a)wise(prenominal) before determine whether these relationships are legitimate or invalid. Epistemology also encompasses the nature and co nstruction of concepts. All mental things such as idea and emotion are also compasses by Epistemology.We need to have Epistemology in order to identify the true and false in our passing(a) life and also the method or ways of evaluating certain things to acquired knowledge and experience toward the world around us. Epistemology is important because we will non be able to identify right from wrong as we are unable to think properly without Epistemology. On the other hand, we will be able to achieve our mark as well as acquired more understanding toward reality if we got enough form of Epistemology. Flaws in epistemology will make it harder to accomplish anything.One of the key elements of a proper Epistemology is our own senses. Our five senses are valid and also are the tho way we can gain information about the world around us. Besides that, logic help us to maintain consistency within our knowledge. Validity is determined by objectivity while concepts are pilferion of a certai n details of reality. These are all the key elements for a rational Epistemology. Ethics, also known as the study of how a person acts in his insouciant life, is dependent on Epistemology because it is impossible to make choices without knowledge.From a fundamental point of view, ethics is a method or way to categorized and pursue our own values. Human needs Ethics to live. This is because without ethics, the whole world will become chaotic as all our action will be aimless and random as all of us are unable to decide a course of action. Ethics will not be able to completely help us to pursue our goal if rationality is ignored. We must all have a rational ethical standard at a certain degree which we are able to identify our goal clearly in order to accomplish our most important values.Every branches of philosophy have their own key element to achieve certain level of value. For ethics, it requires a standard of value to which all goals and actions can be compared to. The ultimate standard of value is none other but the value of our own lives. If a person is able to recognize his importance not only to his physical survival, but to his well-being and happiness, that certain person can be said to have a very good and proper ethics in his life. One of the sub hatful of ethics will be the next branches of philosophy known as Politics.Politics can be defined as the study of how men should interact in a proper decree and what constitute proper in life, in other words, it is the study of Force which answer the question What action are permissible. Politics can be applied to every single person or a group of people. A society is set up by Politics as politics tell how a person should act or behave within a certain society. Politics is very important in a society and even a country itself, this is because a political system in a society or country will greatly affect the individuals within that specific area.The people within that system are allowed to function or a ct according to the nature of the politics that is applied there. If the system is unable to proceed out, it will either collapse such as the Communist Russia or it will cause go up such as in Czarist Russia. The main goal of Politics must be the capacity of reason. This is because reason is the main means of survival for a man as ones cannot survive in an unable(p) environment. In a moral political system, coercion must be banned because reason does not function under it as man cannot be forced to think about what is right or wrong.Society cannot be forced to think, but, government plays an important role here as governments can accusing laws and also monopoly retaliatory force to prevent one person from doing illegal things that might harm the society. The go away branch of philosophy is also known as the study of arts and the sense of life which is called esthetics. Esthetics also studies the methods of evaluating arts and also the judgment of arts itself. This branch of ph ilosophy depends on the previous branches of philosophy which is Metaphysics, Epistemology, and ethics.It is important to study art because art existed through all of recorded human history. Humans unique ways of thinking and evaluating makes art unique as well. A person ability to abstract the concept of art can determined the standard of ones life as well as satisfying his personal intellectual needs. This is why Esthetics is very important as it delves into the reason why does art existed. The main key element of a proper Esthetics is none other than a persons value judgment of the creator. With the field of ethics, these value judgments can be evaluated as well as observed because art is a selective recreation of reality.

Competition Bikes, Inc. Costing Method and CVP Report Essay

A1. Costing Method RecommendationThis report has been prep atomic number 18d to analyze the true speak toing mode at Competition Bikes, Inc. (CBI) and provide a recommendation for improvement. To support this synopsis, the differences surrounded by tralatitious based be and activity based toll go forth be examined, along with the benefits and drawbacks for each method. A cost-volume-profit evaluation with break- til now analysis for both gross revenue building block of measurements and gross gross revenue dollars for the CarbonLite and te bike passs will also be provided. The main differences between activity-based costing and the traditional costing conventional costing includes both direct and confirming components. Indirect be ( operating expense) argon grouped together. Theres only one cost device chock upr (such as direct labor hours) used to calculate be regardless of what they argon. Activity-based costing breaks down the hit costs into activity cost pool s. All command processing overhead costs are then every last(predicate)ocated into these activity cost pools. This method of costing does require more time to compute the cost to the activity yet it earns that upper-case letter back plus dividends by having a more accurate forecast of the true costs that are associated with each activity. In addition to a go against understanding of costs, implementation of activity-based costing ignore drive improved financial results in the long run.By looking at each crop and what drives its particular costs, focal point can scram a much more detailed sniff out of the true costs involved in producing each product. They can then compare the activity-based costs with the costing system they claim been development to discover what products they may be overpricing, or underpricing for sale in the market. They can also screw potential money wasting activities in their manufacturing process, and work to make those activities more efficient . If management has a better understanding of costs, they can present a stronger business case to get future capital projects funded. The downside to activity-based costing is that it requires a substantial commitment of personnel and financial resources up front. Management must be unbidden to examine their operations rigorously and the data that is gathered may be difficult to accept, particularly by those who are believe the current costing system is just fine and are resistant to change.Traditional costing, on the other hand, is much easier to calculate than activity-based costing, and this makes managers jobs easier. However, traditional costing is so mainly calculated that it may be hiding inefficiencies in the supply chain. Products may be over setd or underpriced, and this can negatively impact the companys bottom line in the long run.By moving to the activity-based cost system, CBI could pin pip if they have been overpricing items, losing market share to competitors. On the flip side, if they underprice an item, they are credibly losing money as the price may be lower than what it costs to produce the bike. They would escape potential revenue to further fund research and development to improve the product for the future. If prices are importantly lower than those of the competition, customers may even hesitate to purchase the product, as they could wonder why the bike is priced so much lower than all the others in the market and have a perception that sub-par materials or manufacturing processes have been used. Since these bikes are a specialty product built to order, customers are generally not as price sensitive as shoppers looking for ready-made bikes.By switching to the activity based costing ( rudiment) method, CBI is also taking advantage of the in-depth knowledge of costs that will result in savings for the company. In the overhead analysis, six manufacturing overhead items and their cost drivers are identified, with a comparison provided between rudiment costing, and Traditional costing assuming 900 social units produced for the Titanium line, and 500 units produced for the Carbonlite line. The cost driver for manufacturing overhead use the traditional method is not identified, but the thoroughgoings are given in the Competition Bikes spreadsheet and are reflected below. Traditional costing method-Titanium line manufacturing overhead cost $239,020-Carbonlite line manufacturing overhead cost $232,380Total traditional manufacturing overhead cost $471,400ABC costing method-Titanium line manufacturing overhead cost $188,415-Carbonlite line manufacturing overhead cost $282,985Total traditional manufacturing overhead cost $471,400Its important to note that the manufacturing overhead totals are identical when calculated using both traditional and ABC methods. This is because its not a difference in overhead, but instead a change in where the overhead is allocated. In the case of CBI, the allocation is quite differe nt between methods.For the Titanium line, the total manufacturing overhead cost with ABC costing is $50,605 lower than with traditional costing a difference of 21%. In other words, CBI has overestimated manufacturing overhead for the Titanium line by 21% using traditional costing. Looking at unit costs, the traditional method per unit cost is $713, while the ABC unit cost is $656. The high unit cost in the traditional costing method makes sense given that the allocation for manufacturing overhead was higher. CBI may be overpricing this bike, which could result in a negative rig on sales. If they could lower the price to a number closer to the true unit cost, they will likely see sales rise.For the Carbonlite line, the total manufacturing overhead cost with ABC costing is $50,605 higher than with traditional costing. CBI had underestimated manufacturing overhead for the Carbonlite line by 18% using traditional costing. Looking at unit costs, the traditional method per unit cost is $1,359, while the ABC unit cost is $1,460. The unit cost calculated using ABC costing was higher than CBI had realized they are likely underpricing this bike, losing out on potential revenues. A review of competitors prices may be in order, to evaluate what the market will bear, as well as an analysis of the impact of raising prices and how that affects sales. Once they have this data, CBI management can make an informed termination whether or not to adjust the Carbonlite sales price, and by how much.A2a. Cost-volume-profit and break-even point evaluation Current scenario CVPAnalysisCost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is a tool that managers and businesses often use to estimate future levels of operational activity requireed to fend off financial losses, to break even, and to generate a profit. This analysis also helps to target future revenues. CVP analysis can also be used to estimate production levels needed to generate revenues sufficient to recoup capital expenditures such as operational expansion. CVP analysis examines changes in profits in response to changes in sales volumes, costs and prices. The basic CVP equation is sales minus variable quantity costs = donation brim. Sales revenues per unit for the Titanium product are set at $900. The variable cost per unit (costs that vary at once with volume) for the Titanium product is $679. Based on these numbers, the resulting character margin (sales revenue minus variable cost) per unit is $900 $679 = $221. division margin is the amount of profit left after variable costs are subtracted and so they can be considered the contribution to profit for each unit change.For the Carbonlite product, the sales revenue per unit is higher at $1,495 due to the specialized materials and developmentd amount of labor indispensable to manufacture the product. Variable cost is $1,384. The resulting contribution margin per unit is $1,495 $1,384 = $111. Its worth noting that the contribution margin for this produ ct is much littler than that for the Titanium line. A smaller contribution margin generally means the product is not as profitable. When multiple product lines are included in the analysis, to calculate total break-even sales units, a burden average contribution margin (WACM) must be calculated. This is important because various products in the sales flux contribute different amounts of profit. The WACM is calculated by multiplying the unit contribution margin by the percentage of the total sales ruffle up for each product. Expressed as a formula WACM = Product one unit contribution margin (product one sales mix percentage) + product two unit contribution margin (unit two contribution margin percentage)Incorporating the CBI data, with the sales mix proportion of 9 units of Titanium for every 5 units produced of Carbonlite, the WACM is calculated as 221 (.643) + 111 (.357) = $181.71. This number is what the average unitcontributes to CBIs profit on a per unit basis.When the WACM i s known, the Total Contribution valuation reserve Dollars can be calculated. This is the amount of money that the company has to pay unyielding costs. Any money left over after icy costs are paid is profit. If total contribution margin dollars equal hardened costs, the company is at break-even. If total contribution margin dollars are less than fixed costs, that represents a loss for the company. The equation for this figure is Total Contribution Margin Dollars Units sold multiplied by the WACMBreak-even analysisBreak-even sales units can be calculated if the WACM and Total Contribution Margin Dollars needed to break-even are known, as follows Total Contribution Margin Dollars/WACM. To calculate sales units and sales dollars required for break-even, a few steps are required. The first step is to calculate the break-even point in units of sales mix. Break-even point in units of sales mix = Total fixed cost/WACM per unit For CBI, break-even point in units of sales mix is $400,000/ $181.71 = 2201 The next step is to calculate the number of units of Titanium and Carbonlite units at the break-even point. The equation is as follows Number of units at break-even point = Sales mix ratio (total break even units) Break-even point in units for Titanium 0.643 (2201) = 1415Break-even point in units for Carbonlite 0.357 (2201) = 786 The last step is to calculate the break-even point in dollars. The equation is as follows Break-even point in dollars = Product units at break-even point (sales price per unit) Break-even point in dollars for Titanium 1415 (900) = $1,273,500 Break-even point in dollars for Carbonlite 786 (1495) = $1,175,070 Total sales needed to break-even $1,273,500 + $1,175,070 = $2,448,570.To summarize, CBI would need to sell 1415 units of Titanium and 786 units of Carbonlite, generating sales revenues of $2,448,570 to break-even (revenues and costs are equal). A2b. Cost-volume-profit and break-even point evaluation Variable and fixed cost append scenario s Suppose management needed to enlarge the cost of direct materials by 10% as well as add$50,000 in fixed costs to the production facility. What effect would this have on the break-even point?Because the equations are based on the contribution margin as well as the WACM, an increase in the cost of direct materials (variable costs) by 10% will have a significant impact. Lets first examine how cost-volume-profit and break-even point would be impacted if management needed to increase direct materials cost by 10%. I will analyze the $50,000 fixed cost increase separately.Variable cost increase (10% direct materials increase) scenarioCVP AnalysisContribution Margin per unit for Titanium $900 $709 = $191 Contribution Margin per unit for CarbonLite $1495 $1451 = $44The contribution margins for both product lines decreased. Titanium decreased by 13%, and of particular note is the whopping 60% reduction in contribution margin for Carbonlite. This makes sense given that Carbonline has a hi gher variable cost and lower volume, so a percentage increase in variable cost has a greater impact. This product is even more expensive to produce in this scenario, and generating very low profits for the company at this point.With the sales mix proportion of 9 units of Titanium for every 5 units produced of Carbonlite, the WACM per unit is calculated as 191 (.643) + 44 (.357) = $138.50. CVP Summary the 10% increase in direct materials resulted in a 24% decrease in WACM per unit. The bikes are contributing 24% less profit towards profits.Break-even AnalysisBreak-even point in units of sales mix is $400,000/$138.50 = 2888 Break-even point in units for Titanium 0.643 (2888) = 1857Break-even point in units for Carbonlite 0.357 (2888) = 1031 Break-even point in dollars for Titanium 1857 (900) = $1,671,300 Break-even point in dollars for Carbonlite 1031 (1495) = $1,541,345 Total sales needed to break-even $1,671,300 + $1,541,345 = $3,212,645Break-even summary the 10% increase in direct materials cost resulted in a reduced contribution margin per unit for both products. Given that fixed costs in this example were unchanged at $400,000, it makes sense that an increase in variable costs would require an increase in the break-even point to cover the additional expense. In this scenario, the break-even point in units and total sales need to break-even increased by 24% from the current scenario. Its clear that an increase in variable costs can have a disproportionate impact on profits and the break-even point.Fixed cost increase ($50,000) scenarioFor this scenario, I assumed that variable costs remained unchanged from the current scenario (no 10% increase in variable costs) and that fixed cost for the production facility increased from $400,000 to $450,000.CVS AnalysisContribution margin per unit for Titanium $900 $679 = $221 Contribution margin for per unit for Carbonlite $1,495 $1,384 = $111With the sales mix proportion of 9 units of Titanium for every 5 units produ ced of Carbonlite, the WACM per unit is calculated as 221 (.643) + 111 (.357) = $181.71. CVS Summary Since variable costs did not change in this scenario, the contribution margin per unit and weighted average contribution margin/unit are at the akin level as the original example.Break-even AnalysisBreak-even point in units of sales mix is $450,000/$181.71 = 2476 Break-even point in units for Titanium 0.643 (2476) = 1592Break-even point in units for Carbonlite 0.357 (2476) = 884 Break-even point in dollars for Titanium 1592 (900) = $1,432,800 Break-even point in dollars for Carbonlite 884 (1495) = $1,321,580 Total sales needed to break-even $1,432,800 + $1,321,580 = $2,754,380Break-even summary Compared to the current scenario, the $50,000 increase in fixed costs (11% over the $400,000 example in the current scenario) had an impact of increasing the break-even point in units of sales mix by 275units, or 11%. Since the contribution margin was unchanged in this example, the increase i s less than in the scenario with 10% increase in direct materials. The break-even point in dollars also increased by 11%. The fact that the increase in the break-even point exactly matches the increase in fixed costs illustrates that as fixed costs rise, the break-even point will rise in proportion assuming the sales mix remains unchanged.Comparing all three scenarios, the CVP and break-even analysis provides insight on how increases in variable and fixed costs affect contribution margins and break-even numbers. Variable cost increases have a disproportionate impact on increasing margins and break-even numbers, while the fixed cost increases result in a proportionate impact on increasing these measures. CBIs management should consider these impacts when considering cost increases for their product lines.

Cultural Characteristics of India Essay

With to a greater extent than half of the acidulateforce being in agriculture, serve however, is the biggest contributing factor the economic proceeds in India. The information technology (IT) sector is where most of the growth is taking place. Many companies in the United States atomic number 18 beginning to outsource their help desk and programming specialties to India where the confinement is cheaper and there are an abundance of qualified individuals. In-fact some(prenominal) of the positions you see in IT are filled by throng native to India simply because training for these specialties is limited in the U.S. For example, if you were looking to hire an Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) developer it is highly unlikely that you will find a U. S. citizen with these skill sets, and if you did the U. S. bumdidate would certainly be demanding more m one(a)y. Indias cleverness to train highly qualified IT professionals and ability to provide cheaper labor will continue to po st to their increase in economic growth. Ultimately, it is those cultural characteristics we have discussed in class that has led India to so a good deal growth everyplace the last decade.They are a collectivist society, with a bigger power outgo and a contrasting set of lever channelizeations from our own. Higher education is of upmost importance, and often times, much more important than inter mortalal relationships. This is evident of the fact that they place so much importance on ones education and its correlation to family status when selecting a bride/ get dressed in an arranged conjugation. India is considered a large power distance culture because there is a clear power structure at bottom the family, the father rules authoritatively, followed by the eldest son and moving down the ladder by age and sex (Neuliep, 2009. 9). Within the Indian culture the children are expected to be obedient and many Indian children find out that their parents in reality founding fa thert understand what it is like to grow up in todays diverse society. Indian parents constantly expect their children to go to the right schools, only converse with people who dish out the same cultural backgrounds and to marry within their own race and religion. There are many antithetic religions in India which hold Muslim, Hindu, Christian and Sikh. In India, even though you may share the same ethnicity if you do non share the same religious beliefs, coupling is forbidden.In my research I have come across a common theme within the Indian culture, and that is that Indian parents love to gossip virtually e genuinelything they constantly discuss who got into what school, and who is acquire married to whom. Its not to say that Indian parents dont want whats best for their children because they do. In the article Indian Parents and Societal Pressure the author Arti Nehru states, The really sad part about all of this is that parents truly want their children to be happy. But th ey are unsupportive in many instances because they worry about ne thing What will people say? The Indian culture is more of a collectivist culture who has the tendency to stress the importance of a group over the importance of the individual. Neuliep confirms that, In collectivist cultures, people are not seen as isolated individuals. quite a little see themselves as interdependent with others their (e. g. , their ingroup), where responsibility is shared and accountability is collective. A persons individuality is defined by his or her group memberships (Neuliep, 2009. Pg. 41).Most of their regard ass come from their traditional beliefs, their religious idol worship and their secular spirituality. It is these value orientations that shape the way the Indian culture communicates with individuals in their own culture as well as with individuals outside of their culture. Values can affect the way people communicate within their own culture and with people of different cultures. T hey are evaluative beliefs that synthesize affective and cognitive elements to orient people to the world in which they live (Mooney, 2001, 2828).The value orientation model is used to compare high-context cultures much(prenominal) as the Indian collectivist culture with low-context individualistic cultures such as the United States. It can be broken down into six different categories self, family, society, human nature, nature, and supernatural. In a collectivist culture such as the Indian culture self refers to how one may view themselves in relationship to others, and can further be broken down into three different sub-categories self-identity, age, and activity. In India self-identity would suggest that people value conformity and cooperation.In India people are interdependent with others, and for them, responsibility and accountability are shared and dissever among the group members. (Neulip, 2009, 63-64). Age for a collectivist, high-context culture is respect when they are old and conversely, in an individualistic, low-context culture, age is admired when they are young. In a collectivist culture like India the people tend be very spiritual and believe that people should embrace life. The activity one performs on a daily prat is of less importance in a country like India. Whereas in the United States, activity ften refers to how people identify themselves through their activities such as their professions and occupations. Often times when Americans are asked who they are, they will answer with what they do for a living indicating that they tend to associate who they are, with what they do. Family within a collectivist culture such as India tends to be more authoritative in nature. The head of the household will invite the decisions kinda than having everyone work together as a democracy when making decisions. In India, families are less mobile, and will unendingly attempt to sit down together when eating dinner.There is often a strict hierarch y that is followed among family members with the man of the house being at the top. The men and women in Indian families have very different roles within the family, which coincide with ones hierarchal power. The male of the house makes the decisions, provides for the family and the women often times make the meals at night and take care of the children. In Indi,a family is a very important concept and wedlock is considered to be sacred and is meant to last a life time. The term society in India can be broken down into two categories social reciprocity and group membership.According to Neuliep social reciprocity refers to the coarse exchanges people make in their dealings with others (65). In collectivist cultures like India, if one asks another for a favor it is expected that an equal exchange of favors will occur. In India, group membership is often a pervasive formality they have a tendency to join only a few different groups over a life-time. In the United States membership in a group is usually victimize lived, whereas in India people are highly selective and group membership is usually a lengthened commitment.This idea of a prolonged commitment to a group stems from those same cultural values that marriage does. In India, they practice arranged marriages and it is considered a lifelong commitment that is viewed as sacred. What may seem rummy to the youth in the United States is actually embraced by youth in India. Many children in India feel that it gives them the ability to focus on their youth, and their education without the distraction or worry that an adolescence relationship can act as to the picture.It is also said that the youth in India feel secure in their parents ability to choose an acceptable partner for them, trusting that their parents have enough experience and knowledge to do so without creating a disastrous situation (Galt, 2011, 2). Many cultures like India believe that when marriages are not pre-arranged they tend to cut back ou t too quickly. They believe it is because the two people have already gotten to know each other, rather than spending a life-time together after marriage getting to know each other. Marrying a person you dont know gives one a lifetime to learn to love them, as oppose to the American ideal of learning a person inside and out before entering into marriage (Galt, 2011, 3). In the United States, many believe that the idea of an arranged marriage is something that is forced upon the two getting married. This however isnt true, in India before a marriage can become official the bride and groom are afforded the opportunity to meet each other to decide if they would like to go forward with the marriage.You tycoon be surprised to hear that any rejection to a proposed marriage rarely occurs, and more often than not the proposed bride and groom will go through with the wedding as planned. This is because the parents of the bride and groom do their due-diligence and will often times spend yea rs looking for a suitable bride or groom. They spend countless hours group meeting with the families and friends, considering hundreds of different aspects and comparison points before the potential bride and groom ever meet each other (Galt, 2011, 6).In many ways the Indian culture is different than our own, we have the tendency to be more of an individualistic culture while they tend be more collectivist. We are considered a low-context culture, while India is considered a high-context culture. We value or independence and look out for our own self-interests over that of the group. In India, they value the group over the individual and believe that if one fails, they all fail. Even though we may differ culturally we are still similar in many ways, the biggest being our level of diversity we are both comprised of many different values, ethnicities, and religious beliefs.

Issues and Controversies

Position Paper Garrett Kaufmann ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES ON FILE Citizenship 2nd design Gun Control Due 1/14/2013 May 29, 1998 Pages 225-233 I strongly debate that our adjust to keep and bear laces that was outflown to us as American citizens in the second amendment of the ecesis should be upheld and gun control is not the answer to stopping gun hysteria.A well-regulated militia being ingested to the security of a free state, the right of the masses to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. The Second Amendment. Our nations forefathers gave us this right when they signed the constitution of the United States of America September 17, 1787. Although there has been dig over the wording of the amendment and whether it actually means every individual person or only people who belong to a state-regulated militia.I think it is obvious that they meant each individual person. In a celestial latitude 1989 word in the Yale Law Journal, titled The Embarrassing second amendment by scholar Sanford Levinson, a liberal populist who supports gun control said that The second amendment was clearly written to give all citizens, not hardly trained soldiers belonging to a militia the right to keep firearms. Other scholars insured and noted that in 1792 congress actually passed a militia low to mandate every adequate to(p)-bodied man to arm himself with a musket.The Brady Act is a controversial law which was signed by President Clinton in 1993 and that took forcefulness in 1994 (named for President Reagans press secretary who was paralyzed when zest in a 1981 blackwash attempt on the president) which requires prospective gun acquireers to wait 5 days before they can buy a gun while local law enforcement officials do a background check to ask sure some(prenominal)one who is prohibited from owning a firearm such as convicted felons, minors, druggies or illegal immigrants cant buy a gun.Although gun control advocates say that laws such as this one atomic numb er 18 prudent for a drop in gun fatalities and violent crime Tania Metaska , executive director for the National sound Association (NRA) rejects this claim and says violent crime began to decline before 1993 and that the background checks and waiting periods are unsuitable to criminals since the vast majority of felons obtain firearms on the black market or by theft, not by means of dealers affected by the Brady law.The Supreme Court agreed that the Brady Bill wasnt the answer when they tip-tilted major portions of the law in the 1997 case Printz vs US when they said the law infringed on state sovereignity rights and it gift an unfair burden on local officials. The NRA and other gun-rights groups contend that it is not the Brady law that has helped to spark a nationwide decline in crime but Right to Carry or the passing of secret weapons laws in many states. Florida began the national trend towards more permissive obscure weapon laws in 1987 and since indeed 30 other states have followed.Floridas Shall Issue law requires law enforcement officials to immediately issue permits to any eligible applicant, eligible meaning that they dont have a criminal record or history of serious mental illness. Gun-right advocates say these types of laws are necessary because people need to be able to protect themselves from a high crime rate, a legal system that cant wooden-headed criminals in jail and the lack of resources or manpower of law enforcement to protect them.In surveys of convicted felons, criminals admit that they target victims that they believe to be unarmed and avoid those who might have weapons. A study done between 1977 and 1994 by two researchers at the University of Chicago found a good deal lower crime rates in Illinois counties that allowed concealed weapons, and that murder rates dropped 8. 5%, rapes 5% and aggravated assaults by 7%. In May 1998 15 year old Kip Kinkle fatally shot both his parents then took 3 guns to Thurston High civilize in Springfield, OR. here he shot 24 students, killing 2 of them. One Month subsequently in Jonesboro, Arkansas two boys were arrested for fatally shooting 5 people and wounding 10 others. and so of course there was the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary just this last December when 20 year old Adam Lanza shot his mom dead then went to the school and shot and killed 26 people, most of them little kids. School shootings are a horrible tragedy and they only give gun-control groups more ammunition for their argument.I guess I can see their point but I agree with the gun rights advocates when they say it is a mistake to blame guns for all the school shooting. I agree with the locution Guns dont kill people- people kill people. I think the people that do these things are sick in the head and that they need mental help and would still probably drive a way to hurt people even if they didnt have access to guns. Im sure its gone up some since this article was written but studies have shown th at violence in our nations schools is actually pretty rare.A March 1998 White House study found only 10% of all schools reported serious violence. I dont really feel that I need to carry a gun to protect myself here where I put up but if I did live in a big city I would definitely what to have the right to carry a gun to protect myself and my family. But I do love to hunt and I own 5 guns for that purpose. My dad has taught me about gun safety since I was a little kid. I have been through required gun safety training which I think is a good thing.The article states that in many rural areas of our country guns are not regarded by many as an evil, but patently as part of a way of life. In those regions, hunting is a popular sport and accomplishment how to use a gun is often a rite of passage for many young boys and girls. Guns are treated with pride and respect and gun safety is a paramount concern. Because many young people in those regions are exposed to guns at an early age and trained to use them safely, they are much more likely to understand the risks of guns and treat them properly.